bio final exam

BIOSOMES

Tropical wet Forest

• near the equator

• consistent warm temp.

• high rainfall

• highest biodiversity

Savannah

• Hot grasslands w/ scattered tress

• extentsive dry season

• fire (abotic factor)

Sub Tropical Des.

• Extremely dry tense temp. between day and night

Chaparral

• Dry summers

• rainy water

• adapted periodic fire

Lentic

• Stand water

Lotic

flowing water

Abiotic

Non-living organism such as temperature, water, sunlight and humanity.

Biotic

living organisms

organisms

Individuals

Population

Many individuals of the same species

living in the same place

Community

Many different populations living in the

same place

Ecosystem

A community together with the abiotic

(non-living) environment

Endemic species

species that are found only in a specific geographic range

Generalist species

species that are found in many geographic

ranges

Terrestrial biomes

• Tropical Wet Forest

• Savannah

• Subtropical Desert

• Chaparral

• Temperate Grasslands

• Temperate Forest

• Boreal Forests

• Arctic Tundra

Tropical wet Forest

• near the equator

• consistent warm temperature

• high rainfall

• high biodiversity

• no seasons

Savannah

• Grasslands w/ scattered trees

• Hot temperatures

• little rainfall

• extensive dry season

• Fire is an abiotic factor

Subtropical Desert

• Intense temp swings

• Unpredictable, negligible rainfall

• extremely dry

• animals are burrowers

Chaparral

• intense temp. swings

• Winter- rain falls

• Dry summers

• adapted to periodic fires

Temperate Grasslands

• Prairies and Steppe

• warm summers

• cold winters

• annual periodic rainfall

• wet spring, summer, and fall and dry winter

• animals : Grazers

• fire is abiotic factor

Temperature Forest

• Deciduous forests with defined seasons and predictable annual rainfall

• plant life is dominant

• much less plant diversity

• Soil is rich and organic

Boreal Forest

• Cold, coniferous forests south of the Arctic Circle with low species diversity.

• Predictable annual precipitation, 40-100 cm/annually, Mostly snow, not rain

Arctic Tundra

• Characterized by extremely low temperatures, very little precipitation, and permafrost (permanently frozen soil).

• 24hrs summer ,0 winters

Uniform dispersion

Individuals are equally spaced

Random dispersion

individuals are distributed randomly with no pattern

Clumped dispersion

Individuals are clustered in groups

Quadrant

nonchalant dread head (white box placed in certain areas

used for immobile organisms such as plants

• Square area (typically 1 m2)

• Multiple quadrats placed randomly within the habitat

• Count the number of individuals within the quadrant

Mark and Recapture

chalant dread head - used for mobile organisms such as

animals

• Capture animal, apply marking (band, tag, paint, wing clips)

• Release back into habitat

Type I curve:

Low death rate in early and middle

years

• Higher death rate in older

individuals

• Found in species that produce low

number of offspring/parent and

provide high amount of parental

care

• Elephants, Apes

Type II curve:

• Consistent mortality over entire life

• Found in species that produce few

offspring/parent and provide

significant but brief amount of

parental care

• Birds, rodents

Type III curve:

• Very high death rate in early life

• Death rate declines as individuals

age

• Found in species that produce

many offspring/parent and provide

little or no parental care

• Plants, fish, insects

Fecundity

Potential reproductive capacity of an individual

• When reproduction begins

• How many offspring can ideally be produced

• How often reproduction is repeated

Fecundity pt.2

• Fecundity is inversely related to amount of parental care

• Increased parental care fewer offspring produced and at an

older age

• Decreased parental care  more offspring produced and at a

younger age

Semelparity

individuals reproduce only once in their lifetim

Iteroparity

Individuals reproduce repeatedly during their lifetime

Exponential Growth

Population growth with unlimited natural

resources

• J-shaped growth curve

• Population (N) plotted over tim

Logistic Growth

• Population growth with limited natural resources

• Growth slows as population reaches

environmental carrying capacity (K).

• Maximum population size supported by environment

• S-shaped curve

K-selection