NR222 Exam 3 Review

What is health?

A state of physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being, not merely the absence of disease.

What is wellness?

An active process of achieving optimal health and well-being.

What is health promotion?

Activities that help individuals improve and maintain health.

What is disease prevention?

Actions taken to reduce the occurrence or progression of disease.

Why is health promotion important?

It helps prevent disease, improve quality of life, and reduce healthcare costs.

What is primary prevention?

Preventing disease before it occurs (vaccines, health education).

What is secondary prevention?

Early detection and treatment of disease (screenings).

What is tertiary prevention?

Managing existing disease to prevent complications.

What is culture?

Shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and traditions passed through generations.

What is diversity?

Differences among individuals including culture, ethnicity, religion, language, age, gender, and socioeconomic status.

What is ethnicity?

Shared ancestry, heritage, traditions, or cultural background.

What is cultural competence?

The ability to provide respectful and effective care that considers a patient's cultural beliefs and practices.

What is cultural humility?

A lifelong process of self-reflection and learning from patients.

What is acculturation?

Adapting to a new culture while retaining aspects of one's original culture.

What is assimilation?

Fully adopting the culture of the dominant society.

What is a cultural assessment?

Gathering information about a patient's cultural beliefs, values, and health practices.

Why is cultural competence important?

It improves trust, communication, patient satisfaction, and outcomes.

What is culturally responsive care?

Care that respects and adapts to a patient's culture, values, and preferences.

What should a nurse do when unfamiliar with a patient's culture?

Ask respectful questions and avoid assumptions.

What is a stereotype?

An oversimplified belief about a group of people.

What is prejudice?

A preconceived negative judgment about a person or group.

What is bias?

A personal belief or attitude that influences judgment.

What is implicit bias?

Unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect decisions.

How can nurses reduce bias?

Self-reflection, education, and awareness.

What is ethnocentrism?

Believing one's own culture is superior to others.

Why should family members generally not serve as interpreters?

Risk of inaccurate information and confidentiality concerns.

Who should be used when a language barrier exists?

A qualified medical interpreter.

How can cultural beliefs affect healthcare decisions?

They may influence diet, treatments, medications, and health behaviors.

What are social determinants of health (SDOH)?

Conditions in which people live, work, learn, and age that influence health outcomes.

What are examples of SDOH?

Income, housing, education, employment, transportation, healthcare access, and social support.

How does education affect health?

It improves health literacy and access to opportunities.

How does income affect health?

It influences access to food, housing, healthcare, and medications.

How does transportation affect health?

Lack of transportation can limit access to healthcare.

How does housing affect health?

Unsafe housing increases risks for illness and injury.

What is food insecurity?

Limited or uncertain access to adequate food.

What is healthcare access?

The ability to obtain needed healthcare services.

What is health equity?

Everyone having a fair opportunity to achieve their highest level of health.

What is a health disparity?

A preventable difference in health outcomes among groups.

What is a vulnerable population?

A group at increased risk for poor health outcomes.

How can discrimination contribute to health disparities?

It can reduce access to resources and healthcare.

How can environmental factors affect health outcomes?

Pollution, unsafe housing, and poor air quality increase health risks.

How can societal factors affect health outcomes?

Poverty, discrimination, and limited education contribute to poor health.

What is an upstream intervention?

An intervention addressing root causes before disease occurs.

What is a midstream intervention?

An intervention targeting at-risk populations.

What is a downstream intervention?

An intervention treating existing disease.

Affordable housing advocacy is what type of intervention?

Upstream.

Improving education access is what type of intervention?

Upstream.

Community exercise programs are what type of intervention?

Midstream.

Blood pressure screenings are what type of intervention?

Midstream.

Smoking cessation classes are what type of intervention?

Midstream.

Administering insulin is what type of intervention?

Downstream.

Providing asthma treatment is what type of intervention?

Downstream.

Treating an infected wound is what type of intervention?

Downstream.

What is patient education?

The process of helping patients gain knowledge and skills for health management.

Why should patient education be individualized?

Patients differ in culture, literacy, language, age, and readiness to learn.

What is health literacy?

The ability to obtain, understand, and use health information.

What is the teach-back method?

Asking patients to explain information in their own words.

What is the purpose of teach-back?

To verify patient understanding and teaching effectiveness.

Is teach-back testing the patient?

No, it evaluates the teaching.

What is learner readiness?

A patient's willingness and ability to learn.

What factors affect readiness to learn?

Pain, anxiety, fatigue, motivation, and environment.

What is motivation?

Internal or external factors that encourage learning.

What should a nurse assess before teaching?

Readiness, literacy, culture, learning needs, and preferred learning style.

What is reinforcement?

Repetition of information to strengthen learning.

What is patient-centered teaching?

Education tailored to a patient's individual needs.

What teaching method is useful for low literacy patients?

Demonstration, pictures, simple language, and teach-back.

What is the cognitive domain?

Learning involving knowledge and understanding.

What is the affective domain?

Learning involving attitudes, beliefs, and values.

What is the psychomotor domain?

Learning involving physical skills.

Teaching insulin administration is which domain?

Psychomotor.

Learning medication information is which domain?

Cognitive.

Accepting a diagnosis is which domain?

Affective.

What are the five steps of the nursing process?

Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation.

What occurs during assessment?

Collecting information.

What occurs during diagnosis?

Identifying problems or needs.

What occurs during planning?

Developing goals and interventions.

What occurs during implementation?

Carrying out interventions.

What occurs during evaluation?

Determining effectiveness.

How is teaching related to the nursing process?

Teaching follows assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

What is ethics?

Principles guiding moral behavior and decision-making.

What is morality?

Personal beliefs about right and wrong.

What is a value?

A personal belief about what is important.

What is values clarification?

Examining and identifying personal values.

Why is values clarification important for nurses?

It helps prevent personal beliefs from affecting care.

What is an ethical dilemma?

A situation involving conflicting ethical principles.

What is ethical reasoning?

Using ethical principles to make decisions.

What is autonomy?

Respecting a patient's right to make decisions.

What is beneficence?

Doing good for the patient.

What is nonmaleficence?

Avoiding harm.

What is justice?

Fair and equal treatment.

What is fidelity?

Keeping promises and commitments.

What is veracity?

Telling the truth.

Which ethical principle supports informed consent?

Autonomy.

Which ethical principle supports honesty?

Veracity.

Which ethical principle supports fairness?

Justice.

Which ethical principle supports preventing harm?

Nonmaleficence.

Which ethical principle supports keeping promises?

Fidelity.

Which ethical principle supports helping patients?

Beneficence.

What is advocacy?

Protecting and supporting a patient's rights and interests.

What is the nurse's role as an advocate?

Ensure patient rights, informed decisions, and access to care.