dna and protein syn

A gene which codes for a single functional product is termed a ______

Structural gene

In the genetic code, codons which do not code for an amino acid are called _______

Stop codons

The number of amino acids that occur in natural proteins

20

The enzyme which begins the process of DNA replication.

DNA Helicase

When 10 - 20 ribosomes are all attached to and reading a strand of mRNA the resultant unit is called a _____.

Polyribosome

A base triplet is a sequence of 3 nucleotide bases on ______.

DNA

Period during prophase 1 where homologous chromosomes pair up for possible crossing over.

Synapsis

When an allele affects two or more traits.

Pleiotropy

Cardiac Muscle

- Striated

- Not able to divide

- Branch at ends

- Cells are connected by intercalated disks

-

Effect of a gene varies between individuals.

Variable expression

Trait is expressed in each person who carries the responsible allele

Penetrance

The effect of a gene depends upon the environment.

Genotype-environment interaction

Idea that different genes can have the same effect

Genetic Heterogeneity

Hypertonic

Concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside it

Hypotonic

Concentrations of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside it

Turner Syndrome

45, X

Short stature

Webbed skin on neck

Sterile

*Main cause of unexpected abortions

Klinefelter Syndrome

47, XXY

- Male sex organs

- Breasts

- Sterile

- Usually tall

Double Y

47, XYY

- Taller than average

- Extra testosterone

- Phenotypically fertile

Fertile

Triple X

47, XXX

- Taller

- Phenotypically normal

- Fertile

An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane

lysosome

Stabilising Selection

Selects against extreme phenotypes

Directional Selection

Phenotypic character moves in one direction

Disruptive Selection

Selects against average phenotypes

Gradualism

Evolution that occurs by the gradual accumulation of small changes

Punctuated equilibrium

Evolutionary history consisting of long periods of stasis interrupted by short periods of rapid evolution

Anagenesis

Change over time without frequent speciation along the way

Cladogenesis

The punctuated moment of speciation where new lineages arise

The intermediate form of birds and reptiles

Archaeopteryx

Phylogenetic Constraint

Evolution is constrained by ancestory e.g. can't all of a sudden grow a sixth finger

Homoplasy

Traits of species with different ancestory and function but look the same e.g. a leaf and a leaf insect

This suborder has a dental comb

Prosimii

This super-family has prehensile tails

Ceboidea

These groups have ischial callosities

Cercopithecoidea and hylobatidae

Transmission electron microscope

Use of thin section of sample in which electrons pass through- used to see inside

Scanning Electron Microscope

Electrons bounce off sample to give a picture of the surface and outline

Peripheral Proteins

Only found on one or the other surface of the membrane

Integral Proteins

Go through entire cell membrane

Responsible for steroid synthesis and cholesterol synthesis.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Site of lipid metabolism

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Water proof epithelia found where urine is stored and transported. Also has rounded surface cells and multiple layers which can slide over each other when stretched

Transitional

Common origin of Connective Tissue

Mesenchyme

Loose connective tissue responsible for binding body parts together while still allowing movement. All 3 fibers distributed evenly.

Areolar

Loose connective tissue with predominantly reticular fibers forming a meshwork like a sponge in which the cells of the particular organ will fill. Widely seperated cells

Reticular

Dense connective tissue with predominantly collagen fibers which run in the same direction.

Regular

Dense connective tissue with predominantly collagen fibers which run in tall different directions.

Irregular

Firm cartilage that covers articulating surfaces, larynx, rings of trachea and growth plates.

Hyaline

Cartilage in the epiglottis and pinna of the ear

Elastic

Cartilage found between the vertebrae.

Fibrocartilage

Can be treated through drugs which inhibit osteoclasts

Osteoporosis

Tiny canals between the lacunae of bones

Canaliculi

Main fiber of dermis.

Collagen

Where the touch receptors are situated in the skin.

Between epidermis and dermis

Where the pressure receptors are situated in the skin.

Deep down in dermis

Main connective tissue of Hypodermis

Areolar

Allows skin and underlying muscles to move independently

Hypodermis

These glands secrete oily substances and associate with hair follicles

Sebaceous Glands

How long it takes for the testes to descend in fetal life

28 weeks

Name given when testes don't descend

Cryptorchidism

Where leydig cells are located in the seminiferous tubules

Interstitial space

Nourish and guide the nourishment of sperm

Sertoli cells

Have triangular nuclei

Sertoli cells

Secrete a neutralising alkaline fluid which is 5% of seminal fluid

Bulbourethral Glands

Secrete a fluid which consists of clotting proteins and prostoglandins and makes up 65% of seminal fluid

Seminal Vesicles

Secretes liquefying enzymes to declot sperm once in tract and makes up 30% of seminal fluid

Prostate Gland

Large hormones which have difficulty crossing membranes.

Include oxytocin, FSH, LH, inhibin

Peptides

Lipid based hormones which can easily cross membranes and all originate from cholestrol.

Include testosterone, estradiol, progesterone

Steroids

Hormones derived from fatty acids and include prostoglandins.

Eicosanoids

When the primary oocyte completes meiosis I.

Just before ovulation

When the secondary oocyte completes meiosis II.

Fertilisation

Prevents seminal fluid entering bladder and urine entering the urethra during erection.

Internal urethral sphincter

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