Herlihy Ch. 22 Respiratory

The respiratory tract:

contains conductance, resistance, and exchange structures.

Contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

is responsible for ventilation.

Contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

changes thoracic volume

Which of the following is least related to the alveoli?

contains smooth muscle that determines the flow of air through the respiratory passages

Which of the following prevents the collapse of the trachea?

cartilaginous rings

The Adam's apple

refers to the adult male thyroid cartilage.

The bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli are

collectively referred to as the bronchial tree.

Which of the following statements is true of the right bronchus?

Food and small objects are more likely to be aspirated into the right bronchus because it is more vertical and larger than the left bronchus.

The diameter of the bronchioles determines the

air flow through the bronchioles to the alveoli.

Pulmonary edema refers to the collection of fluid in and around this structure.

alveoli

Contraction of the diaphragm

increases thoracic volume.

The lungs contain the

structures of the bronchial tree.

Which of the following best describes the visceral and parietal pleura?

are serous membranes

What normally "lives" in the intrapleural space?

serous fluid

Which of the following makes it easier for the alveoli to open?

A. water

B. serous fluid

C. surfactant

D. mucus

C

A deficiency of surfactant causes

A. alveolar collapse.

B. anaphylaxis.

C. upper respiratory obstruction.

D. an increase in thoracic volume.

A

If intrapleural pressure equals or exceeds intrapulmonic pressure

A. surfactant secretion ceases.

B. the lung collapses.

C. the larynx can no longer generate sound.

D. pulmonary edema develops.

B

Which of the following does not occur on inhalation?

A. air moves into the lungs

B. thoracic volume increases

C. the diaphragm contracts

D. pressure within the intrapleural space becomes positive

D

Which of the following occurs on exhalation?

A. inspiratory neurons fire rapidly and continuously

B. the diaphragm contracts

C. intrapleural pressure becomes positive

D. thoracic volume decreases

D

Which of the following describes Boyle's law?

A. An increase in thoracic volume causes an increase in intrapleural pressure.

B. There is no relationship between intrapulmonic pressure and thoracic volume.

C. An increase in thoracic volume decreases intrapulmonic pressure.

D. An increase in thoracic volume forces air out of the lungs.

C

Which of the following keeps the lungs expanded?

A. secretion of surfactant

B. a negative intrapleural pressure

C. a negative intrapulmonic pressure

D. firing of the inspiratory neurons

B

What effect do the abdominal muscles have on ventilation?

A. Contraction increases thoracic volume.

B. They have no effect on ventilation.

C. They are accessory muscle of respiration; exercise causes contraction, thereby decreasing thoracic volume and forcing air out of the lungs.

D. They play the most important role in determining tidal volume.

C

Severing the phrenic nerve

A. stops ventilation.

B. impairs exhalation but has no effect on inhalation.

C. causes hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis.

D. has no effect on ventilation, since the intercostal nerve also activates the diaphragm.

A

What process causes the movement of the respiratory gases across the alveolar/pulmonary capillary membrane?

A. active transport

B. filtration

C. osmosis

D. diffusion

D

Most CO2 is transported in the blood

A. by the hemoglobin, as carbaminohemoglobin.

B. by megakaryocytes.

C. loosely bound to the iron molecule in heme.

D. as bicarbonate (HCO3?).

D

Which of the following is not a component of the vital capacity?

A. tidal volume

B. inspiratory reserve volume

C. residual volume

D. expiratory reserve volume

C

The air moved during normal quiet breathing is about 500 ml; this volume is referred to as the

A. vital capacity.

B. residual volume.

C. tidal volume.

D. inspiratory reserve volume.

C

Which of the following is true regarding the total lung capacity and the vital capacity?

A. The volume of the vital capacity is greater than total lung capacity.

B. The vital capacity is equal to the total lung capacity minus the anatomic dead space.

C. The total lung capacity can be determined by a spirometer; vital capacity cannot be determined.

D. The total lung volume is equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume.

D

_______________ is the amount of air maximally exhaled after a maximal inhalation (about 4600 ml).

A. Total lung capacity

B. Vital capacity

C. Tidal volume

D. Anatomic dead space

B

The anatomic dead space is

A. the total lung volume.

B. the tidal volume.

C. the space between the visceral and parietal pleurae.

D. located within the conductive passages of the respiratory system.

D

Respirations are primarily controlled by the

A. medulla oblongata.

B. cerebellum.

C. spinal cord.

D. frontal lobe.

A

The pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center are located within the

A. aortic bodies.

B. alveoli.

C. pons.

D. spinal cord.

C

Inspiratory and expiratory neurons

A. are located within the medulla oblongata.

B. are sensitive only to hypoxemia.

C. line the breathing tubes, especially the bronchioles.

D. are destroyed by a C2 spinal cord injury

A

These peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated by H+ and low levels of oxygen.

A. apneustic neurons

B. aortic and carotid bodies

C. baroreceptors

D. rods and cones

B

An overdose of morphine is most likely to induce

A. hypocapnia.

B. hypoventilation.

C. alkalosis.

D. emphysema.

B

The major drive for respiration is

A. PCO2.

B. hypoxemia.

C. surfactant.

D. bicarbonate.

A

If you voluntarily hold your breath, you will eventually breathe because

A. you become hypoxic; the low oxygen stimulates the aortic and carotid bodies.

B. surfactant secretion increases.

C. PCO2 increases and stimulates respirations.

D. serum creatinine increases.

C