Biology: Key Concepts in Matter, Molecules, and Cell Structures

Matter is...?

anything that takes up space

Three stages of matter?

solid, liquid, and gas

What are all living things made up of?

elements

How many naturally occuring elements make up the building blocks of all matter?

92

Elements that make up 95% of organisms.

Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur

Smallest part of an element?

atom

What are atoms made up of?

subatomic particles - protons, neutrons, electrons

What is the difference between molocules and compounds?

molocules are when same elements are bonded and compounds are made up of different elemens.

is H20 a molocule or a compound?

compound

what is a chemical bond?

formation of molocules

Our bodies are what % water?

70-90%

What is water on the ph scale?

7 (neutral)

0-6.9 on the pH scale is a...?

Acid

7.1-14 on the pH scale is a...?

Base

What is a chemical/combination of chemicals that keep pH within normal limits.

a buffer

Monomers v. Polymers

Mono - individual, Poly - combined monomers

Short term energy storage?

Carbohydrates

Glucose formula?

C6H12O6

Storage form of glucose in plants?

starch

Storage form of glucose in animals?

glycogen

What is found in the cell walls of plants?

Cellulose

Found in the exoskelton of crabs

Chitin

What are lipids?

Fats, oils, steroids

What disolves in water?

lipids

where do oils usually come from?

plants, animals

What looks like a bobby-pin?

a phospholipids

steroids have a backbone of what?

four fused carbon rings

Proteins are polymers made up of?

amino acids and monomers

structural proteins...?

keratin, collogen

Enzymes are proteins that?

speed up chemical reactions

Hormones are...?

chemical messengers

what proteins move cells and muscles?

actin and myosin

what proteins protect cells?

antibodies

Two types of Nucleic Acids?

DNA and RNA

Autotroph is a...?

an organism that makes its own food

Heterotroph is a...?

an organism that must get its food from an outside source

What makes an organism alive?

To be considered alive, an organism must have ALL of

these characteristics.

Cells

Reproduction

Homeostasis and Response to Environment

Grow

Energy

Evolution

Why is a virus not considered to be a living organism?

Eight properties of a living organism?

Order-organization and complexity

Sensitivity and response to stimuli

Reproduction

Adaptation- Consequences of evolution

Growth and Development- coded by DNA

Regulation- coordinates internal function

Homeostasis- "steady state."

Energy Processing- from food

Homeostasis is?

maintaining constant internal conditions - like the body temperature, blood sugar etc...

Inductive reasoning

Specific to general - coming to a conclusion based on basically nothing.

Deductive reasoning

General to specific - the process of applying a general statement to specific facts or situations

Organisms' structural hierarchy?

Atom, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

Autotroph vs. Heterotroph

Autotrophs create their own energy through sunlight, Heterotrophs eat to obtain energy.

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

prokaryote lack nucleus, eukaryote contain a nucleus and complex organelles

Taxonomic Hierarchy

General- Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species -Specific

Scientific Method Steps

Make an observation.

Ask a question.

Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.

Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.

Test the prediction.

Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions.

Variable vs. Control

A variable is any part that can change. Control is something that doesn't change

independent variable vs dependent variable

independent: manipulated or controlled

dependent: variable being tested or measured

Why do we study science?

to understand the world around us

How do we study science?

using the scientific method

What are Elements?

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.

A chemical bond share ______ between ______?

Electrons between atoms

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Why does water show surface tension?

The stronger the force between molecules in a liquid, the greater the surface tension.

Properties of Water?

high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, frozen water is less dense than liquid water, universal solvent, cohesive and adhesive, and high surface tension,

polar vs nonpolar covalent bonds

Nonpolar is mostly equal... polar is unequal...

What is electronegativity?

a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

What gives off H+?

Acids

What gives off OH-?

Bases

Two man buffers found in human blood?

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) and Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)

What is an organic compound? (organic molecules)

A compound that contains carbon (and hydrogen)

What is the function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in the body?

Carbs are a source of short-term energy

Lipids are energy storage

Proteins are (ALOT)

Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA

This is a picture of?

Carbohydrate structure

This is a picture of?

Lipids structure

This is a picture of?

Protein structure

This is a picture of?

Nucleic Acid structure

Mono... Disa... Poly...?

Monosaccharide (3-6 carbon atoms)

Mono... Disa... Poly...?

Disaccharide (2 Monosaccharides joined by dehydration reaction)

Mono... Disa... Poly...?

Polysaccharide (Many)

Why are we unable to digest cellulose?

We lack the enzyme that breaks it down, cellulase

This is a picture of?

Phospholipid

What is the function of a phospholipid?

form a boundary between the cell and the environment

Characteristics of a phospholipid?

charged hydrophilic head and two non-polar hydrophobic tails

Primary Proteins?

linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (C-N) that formed by dehydration synthesis

Secondary Proteins?

alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

Tertiary Proteins?

3-D folding of chain

Quaternary Proteins?

made of two or more tertiary proteins joined together

What causes a protein to denature?

Extreme heat or pH

What happens to a protein's shape during denaturation?

It unfolds itself?

Why is trans-fat so harmful to our bodies?

More at risk for heart disease, artery clogging.

How are trans fats made?

Hydrogen is added to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid.

Sucrose?

glucose + fructose

Polypeptides?

long chains of amino acids

Cholesterol?

A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.

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