AP PSYCH UNIT 5

Health Psychology

focuses on how a person{s physical health and wellness shape their behaviors and mental processes

Prolonged stress

may lead to emotional and cognitive impairment

Eustress

A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal

Distress

extreme anxiety, sorrow, or pain

Traumatic stress

a catastrophic event that involves real or perceived threat to life or physical well-being

PTSD

mental health condition that occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

potentially traumatic events or chronic stressors occurring in a persons childhood

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Looks at how a person's body reacts to stress when confronted with stress for long periods of time

Fight

Prepares an individual to confront the stressors

Flight

Prepares the individual to run away from the stressor

Freeze

An individual becomes stuck and is unable to act due to the stressor

Tend-and-Befriend Theory

A theory that suggests people seek social support and tend to others in times of stress.

Tend

centered around nurturing care; an individual will take care of themselves or others

Befriend

when an individual seeks out others and provides support

problem-focused coping

an individual views stressors as a situation or problem that can be solved

emotion-focused coping

an individual focuses on managing their emotional reactions to the stressor

positive psychology

focuses on trying to better understand what makes life most worth living

positive emotions

where psychologists will look at how feelings like joy and love broaden a person's thinking and foster personal growth

character strength

psychologists look at the personality traits of an individual to better understand what qualities contribute to a meaningful life

resilience and well-being

psychologists examining how individuals recover from setbacks and maintain positive psychological health in challenging circumstances

6 categories of virtues

wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence

wisdom

creativity and curiosity (one of the virtues)

courage

bravery and integrity (one of the virtues)

humanity

consists of interpersonal strengths such as kindness and love

justice

includes fairness and leadership

Temperance

made up of strengths that protect a person against excess such as humility or self-control

Transcendence

consists of strengths that lead to better connections such as gratitude and hope

post traumatic growth

Refers to positive psychological changes that occur as a result of struggling with challenging life events or traumatic events

Psychological disorder

any condition characterized by cognitive and emotional disturbances, abnormal behaviors, impacted functioning or any combination of these

Level of dysfunction

how well or poorly a person can carry out day-to-day activities and complete their daily responsibilities

perception of distress

Individual's emotional or psychological pain experience.

deviation from social norms

behavior is judged against social and cultural standards

self fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

ICD

international classification of diseases

Eclectic Approach

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

behavioral perspective

focuses on how mental disorders come from maladaptive learned associations between responses and stimuli

maladaptive learned

an individual creates connections between stimuli and resoponses that are harmful, irrational, or counterproductive

psychodynamic perspective

highlights how psychological disorders can originate from unconscious conflicts

Humanistic Perspective

psychological disorders develop due to a person lacking social support, failing to achieve their potential or having an incongruent self-concept

incongruent self-concept

differences between a person's actual self, who they believe they are, and their ideal self, who they want to be

Cognitive Perspective

mental disorders come from maladaptive thought patterns

Evolutionary Perspective

mental disorders cause abnormal behaviors and tendcies origin in an individual's genetics

sociocultural perspective

mental disorders are influenced by social and cultural factors

Biological Perspective

concerned with the links between biology and behavior

biopsychosocial model

proposes that the development of any psychological issue is influenced by multiple interconnected factors

diathesis-stress model

proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

diathesis

focus on how genetic predispositions or underlying biological factors impact an individual

genetic predisposition

increased likelihood of developing a particular trait, condition, or disorder due to inherited genetic factors

Neurodevelopmental disorders

• Early onset

• Functional impairments

• Difficulties manifesting

• social relationships

• communication

• learning

Attentive-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

individual having a hard time sustaining focus, fidgeting or constantly moving, and acting without thinking

Austism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Symptoms

-Social communication

-Repetitive behaviors

-Restricted movement

-Increased sensitivity

positive symptoms

behaviors or experiences that add to a person's behavior

Negative Symptoms

behaviors or experiences that are absent from or reduced from an individual's behavior

delusions of persecution

the belief that people are out to get you

delusions of grandeur

belief that you have greater power and influence than you do

catatonia

condition that affects a person's movement and behavior

catatonic excitment

sudden movements

catatonic stupor

an immobile, expressionless, comalike state

flat affect

a lack of emotional responsiveness

alogia

relative absence of speech

tangential speech

when a person's speech strays off topic and doesn't connect back to the original point

acute symptoms

sudden in nature and severe in intensity

chronic symptoms

develop over months to years and may require long term care

dopamine hypothesis

proposes that elevated levels of dopamine can contribute to the onset or intensity of schizophrenia symptoms

Major Depressive Disorders (MDD)

Characterized by periods diminished interest in most activities, significant sleep or appetite changes, and negative thought

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Characterized by symptoms that are less intense compared to those of major depression but are longer lasting

Bipolar Disorders

involve shifts between two mood states

Manic Episodes

Moments of high energy, impulsivity, and euphoria

Depressive episodes

moments of low energy, sadness, and hopelessness

Bipolar cycling

individuals experience alternating periods of mania and depression

Biopolar 1 Disorder

characterized by at least one full manic episode that lasts at least seven days, followed by depressive episodes that typically last around two weeks

Bipolar II Disorder

characterized by hypomanic episodes which are less severe than full mania but still noticeable shifts from one's typical behavior

factors of neurodevelopmental disorders

genetic factors, physiological factors, environmental factors

factors of depressive disorders

biological and genetic factors, social and cultural influences, behavioral factors, cognitive influences

factors of bipolar disorders

biological factors, genetic factors, social and cultural influences, behavioral and cognitive factors

specific phobia

an intense, irrational fear or anxiety that is directed at a particular object or situation

panic disorder

intense, unexpected episode of fear accompanied by a variety of physical symptoms

Ataque de nervios

panic attacks specific to caribbean or iberian descendants

Agoraphobia

fear of open spaces, not be able to escape

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such, embarrassment

Taijin Kyofusho

Japanese fear of offending or embarrassing others

generalized anxiety disorder

involves excessive, uncontrollable worry about an individual's health, work, school, finances, or other aspects of their life

factors of anxiety disorders

behavioral factors, cognitive factors, biological or genetic sources

Obsessions

intrusive, unwanted thoughts that repeatedly pop into a person's mind

compulsions

repetitive behaviors that done to reduce stress

hoarding disorders

individual has difficulty discarding possessions

factors of ocd

cognitive factors, behavioral factors, biological or genetic sources

selective dissociative disorders

disconnection or separation from a person's consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, or perception

dissociative amnesia

loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete

dissociative fugue

individual forgets key details about unexpected travel away from one's environment and themselves

dissociative identity disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.