ANT 3120 - Exam 4 (Physiology - Respiratory and Urinary)

eupnea

normal quiet breating at rest

eupnea breathing rate

12 to 20 breaths a minute

hyperventilate

increased ventilation that exceeds metabolic needs

hyperventilate occurs during... (example)

anxiety attack

hypoventilate

decreased ventilation that does not meet metabolic needs

hypoventilate identified by

decreased respiratory rate (bradypnea)

AND/OR

shallow breaths

hyperventilate identified by

increased respiratory rate (tachypnea)

AND/OR

deep breaths

hypoventilate examples (2)

pulmonary diseases

hypoventilation syndrome

respiratory system consists of (4)

airways

lungs

thorax muscles

respiratory muscles

two divisions of airways

conducting zone

respiratory zone

7 parts of conducting zone (in order from external to internal)

nares

nasal cavity

pharynx

larynx

trachea

bronchi

terminal bronchioles

which parts of the conducting zone are lined with smooth muscle?

trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles [the last three parts]

3 functions of the conducting zone

controls volume of air in and out of the respiratory tract

brings inhaled air to body temperature and humidifies it

filters and protects the respiratory tract from particulates

what controls volume of air breathed in and out

airway smooth muscle tone

2 examples of airway smooth muslce tone

B-2 (beta 2) receptors

muscarinic receptors

B-2 (beta 2) receptors function

relax airway smooth muscle

B-2 (beta 2) receptors cause

bronchodialation

muscarinic receptors function

contract airway smooth muslce

muscarinic receptors cause...

bronchoconstriction

what brings inhaled air to body temp and humidifies it

rich supply of blood vessels in mucous membrane

what traps large particles in nose (2)

nose hairs and mucus

what happens when polluted air is breathed

bronchoconstriction

mucociliary escalator function

goblet cells produce mucus that traps fine debris

mucociliary escalator made up of

ciliated epithelial cells

ciliated epithelial cells (in mucociliary escalator) function

propel debris trapped in mucus to pharynx

mucociliary escalator cilia slowed by

cold dry air

mucociliary escalator cilia damaged by __ and can be __

smoking (can be permanent)

mucociliary escalator mucus thickened in those with ___ which makes it ___

cystic fibrosis which makes it difficult for cilia to propel mucus

respiratory zone consists of (3)

bronchioles

alveolar ducts

alveolar sacs

what makes the respiratory zone different than the conducting zone

there is gas exchange here

where does gas exchange occur

in the alveoli

where are alveoli solely present?

the respiratory zone

how many alveoli are in each lung

about 500 million in each lung, 1 billion in both lungs

what is dead space

area of the lung where there is no gas exchange

anatomic dead space

volume of the conducting zone (there are no alveoli here)

anatomic dead space average

150mL

anatomic dead space value varies based on

height

alveolar dead space

alveoli that are not perfused, resulting no gas exchange

alveolar dead space amount should be

zero

alveolar dead space in those with certain lung diseases?

higher than zero

physiologic dead space

anatomic dead space + alveolar dead space

elastin fibers of lungs contained in

interstitium

elastin fibers of the lungs function

allows lungs to stretch and recoil

three layers of the pleura

parietal pleura

pleural space

visceral pleura

visceral pleura location

covers the lungs

pleural space description and location

fluid-filled potential space between pleural layers

pressure in fluid filled space is ___ than pressure in alveoli because ___

pressure in fluid filled space is less than pressure in alveoli because it allows the lungs to remain inflated

structure of pleura allows lungs to

move along with thorax

parietal pleura location

lines thoracic cavity and is attached to the diaphragm

compliance

measure of the ease with which a structure expands when exposed to pressure (stretchiness/stiffness of a structure)

normal compliance related to... (2)

elastic properties of the lung

surfactant

what gives lungs their elastic properties

elastin fibers

surfactant

a lipoprotein produced and secreted by type II pneumocytes

surfactant location

lines the inner surface of alveoli

Laplace's law equation

P = 2T/r (no calculation needed)

define variables P = 2T/r

p = pressure needed to keep alveoli from collapse

T = surface tension that favors collapse of alveoli

r = radius (of alveoli)

what reduces surface tension (T)

surfactant - it helps prevent alveoli from collapse

increase in compliance indicates that

the lung is too "stretchy"

increase in compliance caused

damage or loss of elastin fibers

decrease in compliance indicates that

the lung is too "stiff"

decrease in compliance caused by what diseases and why (2)

interstitial lung disease - interstitium becomes fibrous

surfactant deficiency disorder - lack of surfactant

alveoli without surfactant causes

surface tension will be high, pressure will be high, alveoli at risk of collapsing

alveoli vunerable to collapse

atelectasis

what happens when alveoli are collapsed

the lung becomes very stiff

perfusion of the lungs completed by

alveoli

perfusion of the lungs otherwise known as

pulmonary circulation

deoxygenated blood carried to the lungs via

pulmonary arteries

where does blood go after the pulmonary arteries and why

it goes to the pulmonary capillaries to become oxygenated at the alveoli

oxygenated blood carried back to the ___ via the ___

back to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins

spirometry

measurement of the lungs and capacities with the use of a spirometer

female lungs volumes are _ less than males

10%

tidal volume approximately

500ml

inspiratory reserve volume approximately

3000 to 3300ml

expiratory reserve volume (ERV) approximately

1000 to 1200ml

residual volume (RV) approximately

1200ml

can residual volume be measured with a spirometer

no

residual volume definition

volume of air that can be expired at the end of a normal expiration

what is a lung capacity

made up of two or more lung volumes

lung capacities made up of RV...

cannot be measured by normal spirometry

inspiratory capacity (IC) approximately

3500 to 3800ml

inspiratory capacity (IC) definition

volume of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

inspiratory capacity (IC) equation

IC = VT + IRV

vital capacity (VC) approximately

4500 to 5000ml

vital capacity (VC) definition

volume of air expired after a maximal inspiration

vital capacity (VC) equation

VC - VT + IRV + ERV

functional residual capacity (FRC) approximately

2200 to 2400ml

functional residual capacity (FRC) definition

volume of air in the lungs after a normal expiration

functional residual capacity (FRC) equation

FRC = ERV + RV

total lung capacity (TLC) approximately

5700 to 6200ml

total lung capacity (TLC) definition

volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration

total lung capacity (TLC) equation

TLC = VT + IRV + ERV + RV

what does a forced vital capacity (FVC) maneuver do

it assesses the health of the respiratory system

forced vital capacity (FVC) definition

volume of air forcefully expired after a maximal inspiration

FVC normal amount

5000ml

FEV 1 definition

volume of air forcefully expired during the first second of a FVC maneuver

FEV 1 normal amount

3500 to 4000ml

forced vital capacity (FVC) maneuver equation

FEV 1 / FVC x 100

what percentage of air is forcefully expired in the first second of a FVC maneuver

70 to 80%

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into or out of the lung

minute ventilation (VE) definition

volume of air in or out of the conducting zone per minute