Chapter 17: Health, Population, and the Environment

Health refers to a state of complete _____, _____, and _____ well-being, and not merely the absence of _____ nor _____. This definition comes from the _____.

Physical; mental; social; disease; infirmity; World Health Organization

Both health and illness are _____ constructed.

Socially

According to the _____ perspective, being sick must be controlled, so that not too many people are released from their societal responsibilities at any one time.

Functionalist

The sick role refers to the _____ about the _____ and _____ of a person viewed as being ill. When in a sick role, you are exempt from your normal _____, generally do not suffer _____, but are obligated to _____.

Societal expectations; attitudes; behaviors; responsibilities; blame; try to get better

_____ act as gatekeepers for the sick role, verifying whether a patient is sick vs. recovered.

Physicians

Criticisms of the sick role include that one’s _____ can influence their judgement of their condition, as well as how the sick role is more applicable to _____ illness.

Social positions; short-term

According to the functionalist perspective, illness is viewed as _____ because it can disrupt social stability.

Dysfunctional

According to the _____ perspective, the medicalization of society refers to how medicine acts as a major institution of _____.

Conflict; social control

Under the medicalization of society, the _____ refers to how medicine has greatly expanded its domain of expertise, in which physicians can define new conditions, control the course of treatment, and affects patients’ view of themselves. This makes it more difficult for common people to _____.

Medical model; exert influence on decision-making

According to the _____ perspective, economically underserved areas tend to be underserved in terms of healthcare because medical services concentrate where people are _____.

Conflict; wealthy

According to the _____ perspective, similar inequities in healthcare are present from a global perspective. The _____ refers to the immigration of skilled workers from their home countries to industrialized nations, causing the _____ in their home countries to decrease.

Conflict; brain drain; life expectancy

_____ rates around the world reflect the unequal distribution of healthcare resources. Unlike the United States, many other countries offer some form of _____, leading to greater availability and use of _____.

Infant mortality; government-sponsored healthcare; prenatal care

According to the _____ perspective, patients _____ seek the services of a healthcare practitioner, and _____ has decreased over time.

Interactionist; actively; face-to-face interaction

According to the _____ perspective, designating someone as health vs. ill involves _____ by others, and certain medical labels can result in _____. Additionally, behaviors considered _____ may actually be the result of living in a certain society.

Labeling; social definition; discrimination; mental illnesses

Culture-bound syndrome refers to a disease or illness that cannot be understood outside of its specific _____ context. Anorexia nervosa and other _____ started largely as a _____ problem, but the influence of _____ and _____ from these areas has affected other groups around the world.

Social; eating disorders; Western; media; beauty standards

_____ patterns define health, and cultural standards of health change over _____ (e.g. attitudes towards _____ vs. _____, _____).

Cultural; time; tanning; sunscreen; smoking

_____ affects people’s health, e.g. _____ in _____ economies is largely associated with _____ that has allowed people to become more _____.

Technology; obesity; tertiary; technology; sedentary

_____ affects people’s health in the form of _____ and _____ levels.

Social inequality; access to preventative care; stress

Social epidemiology refers to the study of the distribution of _____, _____, and general _____ across a population.

Disease; impairment; health status

Incidence refers to the number of _____ cases of a specific disorder occurring within a given population during a stated period of time, usually _____.

New; one year

Prevalence refers to the _____ number of cases of a specific disorder that _____ at a given time.

Total; exist

Morbidity refers to a type of disease _____ figure presented as a rate or as a number of reports per _____ people. This may reveal that a specific disease occurs more frequently in one _____ of a population.

Incidence; 100000; segment

People in _____ social classes have higher rates of mortality and disability. Contributing factors include crowded _____, substandard _____, poor _____ and _____, and _____ strain. _____ stressors appear to have a _____ effect, and such people are often less able to afford _____. According to the _____ perspective, _____ societies care more about maximizing profits than they do about the health and safety of (industrial) workers.

Lower; living conditions; housing; diet; education; financial; chronic; cumulative; quality medical care; conflict; capitalist

The health profiles of various racial and ethnic groups reflect _____ in the United States. Poor _____ and _____ conditions are manifested in _____ morbidity and mortality. There is a significant gap in _____ rates between Black and White Americans. People of color receive inferior care even when they are _____, and the stress of _____ contributes to disease. Black and Hispanic Americans are also more likely to experience _____.

Social inequality; economic; environmental; high; infant mortality; insured; racial prejudice; comorbidities

Women experience a _____ prevalence of many illnesses but tend to live _____ lives. This can be attributed to their lower rates of _____, _____ consumption, and employment in _____ occupations, as well as their increased likelihood of _____. Still, they are often vulnerable to the _____.

Higher; longer; cigarette smoking; alcohol; dangerous; seeking care; medicalization of society

Medical training is often oriented to _____ individuals, excluding other _____ identities. There is also limited research on _____ individuals.

Heterosexual; gender; LGBTQ

Most older people in the United States have at least one _____, and older people are more vulnerable to certain types of _____ problems, e.g. _____. Older people also use more _____ than younger people.

Chronic illness; mental health; Alzheimer’s health services

The United States has a _____ yet _____ system of healthcare delivery.

Complex; inefficient

Physicians traditionally hold a _____ position when dealing with patients, and the typical _____ of physicians in the United States often produce _____ physician-patient encounters. Patient _____ and hospital _____ also tend to undercut more positive relations.

Dominant; training; dehumanizing; overload; cost-cutting

Alternatives to traditional healthcare include _____ medicine, in which a healthcare practitioner considers a person’s physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual characteristics to offer treatments in the form of massages, nutrition, etc. This may function _____ or _____ of the traditional healthcare system.

Holistic; inside; outside

_____ and _____ greatly expanded federal involvement in healthcare financing for economically disenfranchised people. Still, many _____ hospitals screen the _____ status of their patients and turn over less desirable patients to _____ hospitals.

Medicare; Medicaid; private; financial; public

The _____ improved health insurance coverage for people of all ages.

Affordable Care Act

Mental illness refers to a disorder of the brain that disrupts a person’s _____, _____, and ability to _____ with others. People generally have a _____ and _____ view of those with mental disorders, and a _____ refers to a label that society uses to devalue members of certain social groups. Health insurance available to the less advantaged is less likely to offer _____ for mental health services, and practitioners are often _____ to treat low-income, racial, and ethnic minorities.

Thinking; feeling; interact; negative; suspicious; stigma; reimbursement; ill-equipped

The two models of mental illness are the _____ model and _____ model.

Medical; labeling

According to the medical model of mental illness, mental illness has _____ causes and can be treated through _____ intervention. _____ affects the definition of mental illness and treatment, and although the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is intended to establish _____ for mental illness, it continually _____, meaning that mental illness cannot be a _____ condition.

Biological; medical; culture; standard criteria; changes; fixed

According to the labeling model of mental illness, some behaviors viewed as mental illnesses may not actually be so, and certain patterns of conduct are _____ as disordered by others.

Labeled

For most of history, _____ were considered responsible for those with mental disorders. Over time, _____ and then _____ involvement increased, and certain programs have increased _____ treatment of mental illness and _____ for mental healthcare.

Families; government; physician; outpatient; insurance coverage

The _____ that people live in has noticeable effects on their health, e.g. through _____ and _____ quality. Increases in _____, together with _____ development, has serious environmental consequences.

Environment; air; water; population; economic

Demography refers to the scientific study of _____. The three main measures of demography are _____, _____, and _____.

Human population; fertility; mortality; migration

Fertility refers to the _____ of _____ in a society’s population. The two main components of fertility are _____ and _____.

Incidence; childbearing; crude birth rate; total fertility rate

Crude birth rate is an aspect of _____ that refers to the number of _____ in a given _____ for every _____ people in a population. There has been an overall _____ in crude birth rate in the United States due to the _____, creating a need for more _____, having children _____ in life, and therefore having _____ children overall.

Fertility; live births; year; 1000; decrease; polarization of the labor market; education; later; less

Total fertility rate is an aspect of _____ that refers to the _____.

Fertility; average number of children born per woman

Mortality refers to the _____ of _____ in a society’s population. The three main components of mortality are _____, _____, and _____.

Incidence; death; crude death rate; infant mortality rate; life expectancy

Crude death rate is an aspect of _____ that refers to the number of _____ in a given _____ for every _____ people in a population.

Mortality; deaths; year; 1000

Infant mortality rate is an aspect of _____ that refers to the number of deaths among infants that are _____ for every _____ in a given _____. The _____ has the highest rate of infant mortality of all the industrialized nations, primarily due to _____. The _____ also has the highest rate of SIDS of all the industrialized nations, due to a culture of having babies sleep in a separate room to encourage _____.

Mortality; under 1 year old; 1000 live births; year; United States; lack of access to healthcare; United States; independence

Life expectancy is an aspect of _____ that refers to the _____. _____ tend to have higher life expectancy than _____ due to the differential risk associated with _____ constructions.

Mortality; median life span of a society’s population; females; males; gender

Migration refers to the _____ of people into and out of a specified territory. The two types of migration are _____ and _____, which result in _____.

Movement; immigration; emigration; net migration

Immigration refers to the movement of people _____ a territory.

Into

Emigration refers to the movement of people _____ a territory.

Out of

Net migration refers to the difference between _____ and _____.

Immigration; emigration

A census is a _____ of a population. Censuses are supplemented by _____, which include records of _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Counting; vital statistics; births; deaths; marriages; divorces

The growth rate of a population refers to the difference between _____ and _____, plus the difference between _____ and _____, for every _____ people.

Births; deaths; immigration; emigration; 1000

According to _____ theory, rapid population growth leads to social chaos. The population increases _____, while food increases _____, leading to catastrophic _____. Although this theory advocates for _____, it denounces artificial means of _____ because it would conflict with _____.

Malthusian; exponentially; arithmetically; starvation; population control; birth control; religion

_____ was a prominent critic of Malthus’s views on population, believing that _____, not the rising world population, was the cause of social ills, and that overpopulation was the result of the _____.

Marx; capitalism; unequal distribution of resources

The _____ view concedes that population growth is outstretching the world’s resources, but that _____ should be used.

Neo-Malthusian; birth control

The Malthusian theory has not come true primarily due to the _____ and _____.

Industrial Revolution; agricultural technology

According to the demographic transition, population patterns reflect a society’s level of _____ development. The three stages of the demographic transition are _____, _____, and _____.

Technological; pre-transition; transition; post-transition

During the pre-transition stage of the demographic transition, birth rates are _____, death rates are _____, and population growth is _____. Relatively _____ advances in technology are needed to progress to the next stage.

High; high; limited; small

During the transition stage of the demographic transition, birth rates are _____, death rates are _____, and population growth is _____. Relatively _____ advances in technology are needed to progress to the next stage, i.e. to control _____.

Moderate; low; high; large; fertility

During the post-transition stage of the demographic transition, birth rates are _____, death rates are _____, and population growth is _____. This can be exemplified by the period after _____, which involved the introduction of _____, _____, and _____.

Low; low; limited; WWII; antibiotics; immunizations; insecticides

A population pyramid is a type of _____ that shows the distribution of a population by _____ and _____.

Bar chart; gender; age

Although the _____ of the United States has remained low, the nation continues to grow due to the _____ and high rates of _____, the former of which led to more people in their _____ years.

Total fertility rate; postwar population boom; immigration; childbearing

Human ecology refers to the _____ between people and their spatial setting/_____.

Interrelationships; physical environment

According to the _____ perspective on the environment, a growing share of the human and natural resources of _____ countries is being redistributed to _____, _____ nations. Additionally, developed countries have been the major source of _____ throughout history, and although they have relatively _____ populations, they account for _____ of the world’s consumption. Their _____ systems create a “treadmill of production” because of their inherent need to make profit.

Conflict; developing; core; industrialized; greenhouse gases; small; most; capitalist

Under the concept of environmental justice, _____ are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards, with the pattern persisting even among people with similar _____ levels.

People of color; income

_____ refer to people forced to leave their communities because of natural disasters or global warming.

Environmental refugees

Air pollution causes millions of premature deaths per year, most of which occur in _____ countries. This is primarily caused by _____ and _____ emissions. The _____ is also a major source of air pollution.

Developing; automobile; power plant; United States

Water pollution results primarily from _____ and is exacerbated by _____ and _____.

Waste dumping; fuel leaks; oil spills

_____ refers to an observable alteration of the global atmosphere that affects natural weather patterns over several decades or longer. Global warming refers to the significant rise in the Earth’s surface temperatures that results from _____ like CO₂, leading to heat being trapped in the atmosphere.

Climate change; industrial gases

_____ refers to the profound and negative harm to the natural environment, caused by humanity’s focus on _____.

Environmental deficit; short-term affluence

Environmental racism is a pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for _____ people, especially _____. More affluent neighborhoods have both the _____ resources and _____ power to prevent things they consider undesirable, e.g. having dumps nearby. _____ is a legal strategy used to combat environmental racism.

Poor; minorities; economic; political; environmental justice

_____ refers to a focus on the alignment of environmentally favorable practices with _____ self-interest through constant adaptation and restructure. This often takes the form of _____ use of business-friendly _____ that also encourage people to _____.

Ecological modernization; economic; government; incentives; adopt sustainable practices

On the macro level, ecological modernization looks like _____.

Reintegrating industrial waste back into the production process

On the micro level, ecological modernization looks like _____.

Reshaping individual lifestyles

Under _____, in order to buy things that are ecologically sustainable, you often need to have _____.

Ecological modernization; money

_____ refers to a way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations. This often involves controlling _____, conserving _____, and reducing _____. This is considered broader than _____.

Ecologically sustainable culture; population growth; finite resources; waste; ecological modernization

Gemeinschaft refers to a _____ community where social interaction among people is _____ and _____.

Close-knit; intimate; familiar

Gesellschaft is a type of community that is prevalent in _____, _____ life, in which people _____.

Modern; urban; have little in common with each other

The 5 main types of urban dwellers are _____, _____ and _____ people, _____, the _____, and the _____.

Cosmopolites; unmarried; childless; ethnic villagers; deprived; trapped

Cosmopolites are a type of _____ that enjoy the _____ and _____ benefits of city life.

Urban dweller; cultural; intellectual

Unmarried and childless people are a type of _____ that focus on the _____ available in the city.

Urban dweller; recreational opportunities

Ethnic villagers are a type of _____ that tend to live in _____.

Urban dweller; tight-knit neighborhoods

The deprived are a type of _____ that tend to live in _____ but _____ areas.

Urban dweller; low-rent; run-down

The trapped are a type of _____ that are subject to _____.

Urban dweller; limited economic prospects

In addition to the main types of urban dwellers, _____ refer to informal centers for senior citizens.

Naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs)

One of the primary issues facing cities is _____, as _____ creates the need for _____. The government often gives more support to _____ than _____, which favors the more _____.

Mass transportation; traffic congestion; mass transit; highway programs; public transportation; affluent

A suburb refers to _____. They are typically less _____, have more _____ space, and more _____ buildings.

Any community near a large city; dense; private; uniform

People facing housing insecurity often find it difficult to look for _____ or even apply for _____. Housing insecurity often operates as a _____, leading to _____ and _____. People facing housing insecurity have a greater reliance on living in _____, which allow families and pets to _____, as well as allow them to work more _____ hours.

Jobs; public assistance; master status; prejudice; discrimination; cars; stay together; irregular

According to “When the Levees Broke,” Hurricane Katrina left thousands of people without _____ nor _____, as well as no _____/_____ presence to help. There was an extremely _____ wait to be rescued, which predominantly affected _____ people and the _____.

Food; water; police/military; long; Black; poor

According to “When the Levees Broke,” Black people were labeled as _____ and _____ who were not allowed to _____.

Thugs; looters; leave the city

According to “When the Levees Broke,” the federal response to Hurricane Katrina was extremely _____, despite many _____ about the extent of the hurricane. Some considered this an _____, while others pointed out that the people affected were not considered _____ nor _____ important.

Slow; warnings; arrogance of power; socially; racially

According to “When the Levees Broke,” the _____ failed to name Hurricane Katrina as an incident of national significance, which would have activated federal disaster resources. The mayor initially consulted with the _____ community rather than _____, but eventually called the _____ out for not helping, which got the relief ball rolling.

Department of Homeland Security; business; emergency services; government

According to “When the Levees Broke,” there was a difficult in deciding who had the ultimate _____ in making decisions.

Authority

According to “When the Levees Broke,” many families were _____ as buses were directed all over the United States.

Separated