Sociology - Social inequality - Social Class Topic 1a---------DOUBLE AND SINGLE STAR !

What did Mairtin Mac an Ghaill find about working-class men?(Work & Employment – employment opportunities – 20 marker STEP)

The decline of manual labour led to unemployment and fewer job opportunities.

What is meant by the ‘crisis of masculinity’?(Work & Employment – employment opportunities – 20 marker STEP)

A loss of male identity due to reduced employment opportunities for working-class men.

How has the decline of manual labour affected working-class men?(Work & Employment – employment opportunities – 20 marker STEP)

It has reduced employment opportunities and increased unemployment.

How has the shift to the service sector affected working-class men?(Work & Employment – employment opportunities – 20 marker STEP)

It has replaced traditional jobs, limiting suitable employment opportunities

Why is work important for working-class men’s identity?(Work & Employment – employment opportunities – 20 marker STEP)

Because employment provides status and defines masculinity.

How can Mac an Ghaill’s study be used in a STEP essay?Work & Employment – employment opportunities – 20 marker STEP – Marxist link for 40)

To show that structural changes in the economy reduce employment opportunities for working-class men.

What did John Garrod find about zero-hours contracts?(Work & Employment – pay & income – 20 marker STEP)

That they are increasing and are more common among the working class.

What is a zero-hours contract?(Work & Employment – pay & income – 20 marker STEP)

A contract with no guaranteed hours or income.

How do zero-hours contracts affect working-class people?(Work & Employment – pay & income – 20 marker STEP)

They create financial insecurity due to unpredictable income.

Why do zero-hours contracts disadvantage the working class?(Work & Employment – pay & income – 20 marker STEP)

Because they do not provide a stable or guaranteed income.

How do zero-hours contracts compare between working and middle class?(Work & Employment – pay & income – 20 marker STEP)

Working-class people are more likely to have them, while middle-class people have stable incomes.

What statistic supports Garrod’s argument about zero-hours contracts?(Work & Employment – pay & income – 20 marker STEP)

Around 917,000 people (3% of the UK workforce) were on zero-hours contracts.

How can Garrod’s study be used in a STEP essay?Work & Employment – pay & income – 20 marker STEP – Marxist link for 40)

To show that working-class people experience low and unstable income.