ENGR 1030

Exam2 Review

What should engineers consider besides whether a product works?

They must consider the effects of the solution on society, the environment, and the full product life cycle.

What are the stages of the product development life cycle?

Concept development; product design; manufacturing process design; production; use; maintenance; disposal.

Why was Freon a problem in air conditioning systems?

CFC-based refrigerants damaged the ozone layer and allowed more harmful UV rays to reach Earth.

What replaced Freon in many systems?

A less harmful refrigerant such as R134-a.

Why are hydrocarbon fuels useful?

They power cars, trucks, lawn equipment, and many machines.

What is a major negative effect of burning hydrocarbon fuels?

They produce greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming.

What causes acid rain?

SO2 from power plants and NOx from automobiles react to form acids in rainfall.

What does acid rain harm?

Trees, lakes, and animal life.

How has acid rain been reduced?

Newer regulations on power plants and vehicle emissions reduced its effects.

Why was MTBE added to fuel?

To replace lead and help prevent engine knocking.

What problem is associated with MTBE?

It may contaminate groundwater and drinking water.

Why is MTBE especially risky in spills?

It is more soluble in water than many other gasoline components.

What is one benefit of building a dam for hydroelectric power?

It can generate electricity without direct pollution or greenhouse gas emissions.

What are some negative impacts of dams?

They can displace people, flood farmland or cultural sites, affect fish populations, and cause eutrophication.

What is one advantage of nuclear power?

It can produce large amounts of electricity with relatively low greenhouse gas emissions.

Why is nuclear power considered cost-effective after construction?

The setup cost is high, but operating costs are relatively low over many years.

What is a major disadvantage of nuclear reactors?

They generate radioactive waste that is difficult and costly to manage.

What are examples of nuclear accidents mentioned in the slides?

Chernobyl, Fukushima, and Three Mile Island.

What questions remain about nuclear energy?

How to manage radioactive waste, prevent accidents, and replace uranium when supplies run low.

Why is polyurethane useful?

It is light, durable, and helps reduce energy loss in homes and appliances.

What are positive impacts of polyurethane?

It saves energy, can reduce fuel use in vehicles, and some products can be recycled.

What are negative impacts of polyurethane?

Production and handling can create harmful vapors, aerosols, and dust, and it can release toxic gases in fires.

Why are plastics a disposal problem?

They do not break down easily in landfills.

What material are many water bottles made from?

Polyethylene terephthalate, or PET.

What is one problem with bottled water use?

Huge numbers of plastic bottles are wasted, and many are not recycled.

What environmental risk do PET bottles create?

They may leach chemicals and break into tiny particles that harm marine life.

What are benefits of manufacturing operations?

Jobs, better living standards, improved neighborhoods, and more opportunities for families.

What happens when manufacturing operations fail?

Communities can be left with abandoned facilities and long-term environmental and economic problems.

What is concept generation?

It is the process of identifying problems and creating ideas for products or solutions.

What are some ways problems are gathered in concept generation?

Internal records, technical and marketing input, and problem analysis.

What is step one in the general procedure for concept generation?

Determine the appropriate product or activity category for exploration.

What is step two in concept generation?

Identify a group of heavy product users or activity participants.

What is step three in concept generation?

Gather problems from those heavy users or participants.

What is step four in concept generation?

Sort and rank the problems.

What are other methods used to gather problems?

Experts, published sources, stakeholder contacts, and focus groups.

What should a problem analysis focus group be asked?

What the real problem is, attitudes toward the product, desired benefits, dissatisfactions, and lifestyle changes.

What is another direct way to gather problems from stakeholders?

Observing them.

What is scenario analysis?

A method that considers future problems as opportunities.

What are two main principles of brainstorming?

Deferral of judgment and quantity breeds quality.

What is one brainstorming rule?

All criticism is ruled out.

What is freewheeling in brainstorming?

Welcoming unusual or wild ideas.

Why is quantity important in brainstorming?

More ideas increase the chance of finding strong solutions.

What does combination and improvement mean in brainstorming?

Each person can build on the ideas of others.

What do analytical attribute approaches do?

They force people to look at a product in deliberate new ways.

What is the main idea behind analytical attribute techniques?

Future changes in a product must involve one or more current attributes.

What are the three types of product attributes?

Features, benefits, and functions.

What are examples of features?

Dimensions, materials, performance, price, components, and trademarks.

What are examples of benefits?

Time savings, effort savings, enjoyment, and economic gains.

What is the difference between direct and indirect benefits?

Direct benefits happen immediately; indirect benefits are later results.

What are functions in a product?

They describe how the product works.

What is dimensional analysis based on?

Features.

What do checklists use?

All attributes.

What are common checklist questions for idea generation?

Can it be adapted, modified, reversed, combined, substituted, magnified, minified, or rearranged?

What is one example of an industrial product checklist question?

Can standard components be substituted?

What is gap analysis used for?

Finding unmet needs or spaces in the market.

What is relationship analysis?

A method that studies how product elements relate to one another, often with a matrix.

What is Industry 4.0?

The current phase of industry driven by IoT, cyber-physical systems, and smart factories.

What happened in Phase 1 of industrial development?

Steam engines mechanized work previously done by manual labor.

What happened in Phase 2?

Electricity and assembly lines enabled mass production.

What happened in Phase 3?

Computers and robots enabled factory automation.

What defines Phase 4?

Cyber-physical systems, IoT, real-time monitoring, and intelligent decision-making.

What is IoT?

The Internet of Things connects devices and machines so they can share data and operate intelligently.

What are core parts of IoT?

Networks, connected physical devices, sensors, and systems that exchange and process data.

What are manufacturing applications of Industry 4.0?

Preventative maintenance, sensor monitoring, robotic surveillance, and cyber-physical factories.

What is one major IIoT adoption challenge?

Many companies believe in it, but do not have mature implementation plans.

Why are communication networks a challenge for IIoT?

They can be expensive, while many IoT systems need low-cost, low-data-rate networks.

What is interoperability?

The ability of devices and systems from different vendors to work together.

Why is lack of interoperability a problem?

Many vendors offer closed systems that do not easily connect with others.

Why is security a major issue in IIoT?

Machines can communicate and be controlled through networks, making hacking and data privacy serious concerns.

Why are policies and standards important in IoT?

They help govern privacy, security, compatibility, and proper use.

What does the slide say about IoT patents?

Patents are spread across many companies rather than controlled by just one group.

Which country leads in growth of patent applications?

China.

What are features of third-generation robots?

Perception, reasoning, and actuation.

What are current robot technology trends?

Collaborative robots and drones.

What are some robotics research issues?

New materials, better power sources, and collaborative robot communication.

What is supervised machine learning?

A learning method using labeled data for tasks such as autonomous systems.

What is unsupervised learning?

A method where systems find patterns without labeled answers.

What is reinforcement learning?

A method where systems learn through rewards and penalties, like AlphaGo.

What is natural language processing?

Technology that helps computers understand and respond to human language.

What are smart materials?

Materials whose properties change in response to external stimuli.

What kinds of stimuli can affect smart materials?

Mechanical, electrical, magnetic, chemical, thermal, optical, and more.

What are examples of smart materials?

Piezoelectric materials, shape memory alloys, self-healing materials, and chromogenic materials.

What can piezoelectric materials respond to?

Electric fields and mechanical stress.

What do self-healing materials do?

Repair damage during normal usage.

What is an example application of smart materials?

Pressure sensors, microphones, smart fabrics, drug delivery, and self-healing coatings.

What is one future idea mentioned for smart materials?

Color-changing clothing.

What is another future smart materials idea?

Military equipment with camouflage and self-repair capability.

What is the broader goal of managing technology in society?

To increase productivity and integrate engineering, science, and management to achieve strategic goals.