IB Chemistry Stuff (Regurgitation)

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Last updated 9:57 PM on 2/16/26
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60 Terms

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Linear Angle

180

<p>180</p>
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Trigonal Planar Angle

120

<p>120</p>
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Tetrahedral Angle

109.5

<p>109.5</p>
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Trigonal Bipyramidal Angle

90 & 120

<p>90 &amp; 120</p>
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Octahedral Angle

90

<p>90</p>
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Linear electron domain

2

<p>2</p>
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Trigonal Planar electron domain

3

<p>3</p>
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Tetrahedral electron domain

4

<p>4</p>
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Trigonal Bipyramidal electron domain

5

<p>5</p>
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Octahedral electron domain

6

<p>6</p>
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Linear Molecular Geometry

2,0 or 2,3

<p>2,0 or 2,3</p>
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Trigonal Planar Molecular Geometry

3,0

<p>3,0</p>
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Bent Molecular Geometry

2,1 or 2,2

<p>2,1 or 2,2</p>
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Tetrahedral Molecular Geometry

4,0

<p>4,0</p>
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Trigonal Pyramidal Molecular Geometry

3,1

<p>3,1</p>
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Trigonal Bipyramidal Molecular Geometry

5,0

<p>5,0</p>
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Seesaw Molecular Geometry

4,1

<p>4,1</p>
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T-Shaped Molecular Geometry

3,2

<p>3,2</p>
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Octahedral Molecular Geometry

6,0

<p>6,0</p>
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Square Pyramidal Molecular Geometry

5,1

<p>5,1</p>
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Square Planar Molecular Geometry

4,2

<p>4,2</p>
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Alkane

end in -ane
General formula CnH2n+2

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Alkene

Alkenyl Functional Group

end in -ene

General formula CnH2n

<p>Alkenyl Functional Group</p><p>end in -ene</p><p>General formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub></p>
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Alkyne

Alkynel Functional Group

end in -yne

General formula CnH2n-2

<p>Alkynel Functional Group</p><p>end in -yne</p><p>General formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-2</sub></p>
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Alcohol

Hydroxyl Functional Group

end in -anol

General formula CnH2n+1OH

<p>Hydroxyl Functional Group</p><p>end in -anol</p><p>General formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>OH</p>
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Ether

Alkoxy Functional Group

end in -oxyalkane

General formula CnH2n+2O (R-O-R’)

<p>Alkoxy Functional Group</p><p>end in -oxyalkane</p><p>General formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>O (R-O-R’)</p>
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Aldehyde

Carbonyl (Aldehyde) Functional Group

end in -anal

General formula CnH2nO (R-CHO)

<p>Carbonyl (Aldehyde) Functional Group</p><p>end in -anal</p><p>General formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>O (R-CHO)</p>
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Ketone

Carbonyl (Ketone) Functional Group

end in -anone

General formula CnH2nO (R-CO-R’)

<p>Carbonyl (Ketone) Functional Group</p><p>end in -anone</p><p>General formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>O (R-CO-R’)</p>
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Carboxylic Acid

Carboxyl (Acid) Functional Group

end in -anoic acid

General formula CnH2n+1COOH

<p>Carboxyl (Acid) Functional Group</p><p>end in -anoic acid</p><p>General formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>COOH</p>
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Ester

Carboxyl (Ester) Functional Group

end in -anoate

General formula CnH2nO2 (R-COO-R’)

<p>Carboxyl (Ester) Functional Group</p><p>end in -anoate</p><p>General formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (R-COO-R’)</p>
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Amide

Amido Functional Group

end in -anamide

General formula CnH2n+1CONH2

<p>Amido Functional Group</p><p>end in -anamide</p><p>General formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>CONH<sub>2</sub></p>
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Amine

Amino Functional Group

end in -anamine

General Formula CnH2n+1NH2

<p>Amino Functional Group</p><p>end in -anamine</p><p>General Formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>NH<sub>2</sub></p>
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Halogenoalkene

Halogeno Functional Group

BEGIN with Fluoro-, Bromo-, Chloro-, or Iodo-

General Formula CnH2n+1X, where X is F, Br, Cl, or I

<p>Halogeno Functional Group</p><p>BEGIN with Fluoro-, Bromo-, Chloro-, or Iodo-</p><p>General Formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+1</sub>X, where X is F, Br, Cl, or I</p>
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Arene

Phenyl Functional Group

end with - benzene

C6H5-

<p>Phenyl Functional Group</p><p>end with - benzene </p><p>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub><sup>-</sup></p>
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<p>Diamond Structure</p>

Diamond Structure

sp3 hybridized carbon atoms; covalent bonds to 4 carbon each; tetrahedral, all bond angles are 109.5 degrees

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Diamond Electrical Conductivity

Not conductive; all electrons are bonded (non-mobile)

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Diamond Thermal Conductivity

Very good at conducting heat (better than metals)

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Diamond Appearance

Highly transparent, lustrous crystal

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Diamond Physical and Chemical Properties

Hardest known natural substance; incapable of being scratched; brittle; high melting point

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Diamond Uses

Jewelry, Ornamentation, Tools and Machinery to Grind or Cut Glass

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Graphite Structure

sp2 hybridized carbons that are covalently bonded to 3 others (creates hexagons)

parallel layers with bond angles of 120 degrees

remaining valence electron on each carbon is delocalized— can move around freely within the layer

layers can slide over each other bc held together by LDF only

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Graphite Electrical Conductivity

Good electrical conductivity bc of free moving valence electrons within each layer

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Graphite Heat Conductivity

Not good at conducting heat unless the heat is forced to conduct parallel to the layers

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Graphite appearance

Non-lustrous, gray crystalline solid

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Graphite Physical/Chemical Properties

Soft/slippery— layers slip over each other due to weak LDFS

brittle, very high melting point, most stable carbon allotrope

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Graphite uses

Dry lubricant, pencils, electrode rods in electrolysis

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Graphene Structure

Same as Graphite but only 1 layer — still has one delocalized valence electron for each carbon

“honeycomb” structure

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Graphene Appearance

Almost transparent

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Graphene Physical/Chemical Properties

Thickness of 1 atom => thinnest material to ever exist

100 times stronger than steel

Very flexible

very high melting point

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Graphene Uses

TEM (transmission electron microscopy) grids
photo-voltaic cells
touch screens

high-performance electronics

applications are still being developed

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C60 (Fullerene or Buckyball) Structure

sp2 hybridized carbons that are bonded into a sphere — 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons

Spherical cage where each carbon is bonded to three others

NOT a giant molecule because it has a formula

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Fullerene electrical conductivity

Poor electrical conductors; individual molecules have delocalized electrons, but there is little movement between the molecules

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Fullerene Thermal Conductivity

Very Low Thermal Conductivity

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Graphene Electrical Conductivity

Very good electrical conductor due to one delocalized electron per atom giving electron mobility across layers

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Graphene Thermal Conductivity

Best thermal conductivity known, better than diamond

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Fullerene Appearance

Black Powder

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Fullerence Chemical/Physical Properties

Very light and strong;

Reacts with potassium to make superconducting crystalline material
low melting point

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Fullerene Uses

Lubricants, medical, and industrial devices for binding specific target molecules
Related forms for nanotubes and nanobuds as well as catalysts

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<p>SiO<sub>2</sub> Structure</p>

SiO2 Structure

Tetrahedral positions with all 4 silicon valence electrons involved
Each silicon is bonded to 4 oxygen, which are each bonded to 2 silicon

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SiO2 Properties

Strong, Insoluble in water, high melting point, not electrically conductive
(Think about sand/glass/quartz)