human structure and function

label numbers 21, 20, 17, 13, 24/14, 19, 1, 6

21. glenoid cavity: joints the head of the humerus at the shoulder joint

20. coracoid process

17. scapular spine: insertion of trapezius and origin for posterior head of deltoid

13. vertebral/medial border: insertion of rhomboids and levator scapulae

24/14. inferior angle: origin of teres major

19. acromion process: origin of part of deltoid, insertion of part of trapezius, attachment of coracoacromial ligament

1. supragenoid tubercle: origin of the long head of biceps brachii

6. infraglenoid tubercle: origin of the long head of triceps brachii

label this diagram of a proximal humerus

1. head of the humerus: joins the glenoid cavity of the scapula at the shoulder joint

2. greater tuberosity: insertion for supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor (also the coracohumeral ligament)

3. lesser tuberosity: insertion of subscapularis

4. bicipital groove: between the tuberosities; for the tendon of long head of biceps

5. anatomical neck: every head in anatomy has a neck

6. surgical neck: a site named because it fractures relatively often

7. deltoid tuberosity: insertion of deltoid

label the sternoclavicular joint ligaments

1. intra-articular disc: divides the joint cavity into two compartments and stops clavicle dislocating medially and acts as a shock absorber for forces transmitted along the clavicle

2. costoclavicular ligament: limits extreme clavicular elevation. when arm is raised overhead, this ligament becomes taut and prevents further elevation

label this diagram of the acromioclavicular joint ligaments

1. acromioclavicular ligament: thickenings of the joint capsule above and below the acromioclavicular joint, limits elevation and depression at the acromioclavicular joint, providing horixontal stability.

2. coracoclavicular ligaments: this ligament complex has two parts: conoid ligament: cone-shaped, attaches medially to the coracoid process, rotates clavicle posteriorly during full arm elevation, and the trapezoid ligament: quadrilaterial shape, attaches laterally to the coracoid process, transmits compression forces from the scapula to the clavicle, thus bypassing the acromioclavicular joint.

label this diagram of acromioclavicular joint ligaments

1. coracoacromial ligament: stops no joint movement, because it joins two parts of one bone, which never move relative to each other. protects shoulder joint from above, forming a protective arch over the humeral head. prevents extreme superior dislocation of the humeral head.

2. coracohumeral ligament: limits extreme humeral adduction, as well as lateral rotation, and helps support the humeral head when the arm hangs at the side.

3. glenohumeral ligaments: limits extreme humeral external rotation. the inferior glenohumeral ligament is an important stabilizer when the arm is abducted.

label this diagram of the distal humerus

1. capitulum: the rounded lateral condyle that articulates with the head of the radius

2. trochlea: the spool-shaped medial condyle that articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna

3. coronoid fossa (anterior): receives the coronoid process of the ulna during elbow flexion

4. radial fossa (anterior): receives the head of the radius during elbow flexion

5. olecranon fossa (posterior): receives the olecranon process of the ulna during elbow extension

label this diagram of the epicondyles of the humerus (right arm)

1. medial epicondyle: origin for flexor muscles of the wrist and fingers

2. lateral epicondyle: origin for extensor muscles of the wrist and fingers

label this diagram of the radius

1. head of the radius: articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna

2. radial tuberosity: insertion of the biceps brachii tendon

3. styloid process of the radius: attachment for the brachioradialis muscle and radial collateral ligament

4. ulnar notch (distal): articulates with the head of the ulna at the distal radioulnar joint

label this diagram of the ulna

1. olecranon process: forms the point of the elbow; insertion of the triceps brachii

2. coronoid process: insertion of the brachialis muscle

3. trochlear notch: articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

4. radial notch: articulates with the head of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint

5. styloid proc ess of the ulna: attachment for the ulnar collateral ligament

label the diagram of these carpal bones (proximal row - lateral the medial)

1. scaphoid: most commonly fractured carpal bone

2. lunate: articulates with the radius

3. triquetrum: articulates with the ulna via the articular disc

4. pisiform: a sesamoid bone within the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris

memory aid - “Sally Left The Party”

label the diagram of these carpal bones (distal row - lateral to medial)

1. trapezium: articulates with the base of the first metacarpal (thumb)

2. trapezoid: articulates with the base of the second metacarpal

3. capitate: the largest carpal bone

4. hamate: has a hook-like process (hook of hamate) on its palmar surface

memory aid - “To Take Claire Home”

label the diagram of the illiac bone features of the pelvis

1. anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS): for the origin of sartorius and the attachment of the inguinal ligament

2. anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS): for the origin of rectus femoris

3. posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS): sort-of marks the sacroiliac joint (SIJ)

4. iliac crest: runs between the ASIS and the PSIS - has many attachments e.g. abdominal muscles

5. iliac blade: iliacus originates on its front, and the gluteal muscles originate on its posterior surface

6. acetabulim: joins the head od the femur at the hip joint

label this diagram of the pubic features on the pelvis

1. pubic tubercle: for the attachment of the inguinal ligament

2. public crest: for the origin (the lower end) of rectus abdominis

3. pubic symphysis: the joint between the left and right hip bones

label this diagram of the ischial features on the pelvis

1. ischial tuberosity: origin of the hamstrings and attachment site for the sacrotuberous ligament. you sit on this bony feature

2. ischial spine: sacrospinous ligament attaches to it

label this diagram of the femur (proximal features)

1. greater trochanter: insertion of gluteus medius and minimus, as well as the 6 lateral rotators of the hip joint

2. lesser trochanter: insertion of iliopsoas (psoas major plus iliacus)

3. head of femur: joins the acetabulum at the hip joint

4. gluteal tuberosity: insertion of part of gluteus maximus

5. linea aspera: insertion of the hip adductors

label this diagram of the hip joint ligaments

1. iliofemoral ligament: stops extreme hip joint extension

2. pubofemoral ligament: stops extreme hip joint abduction

3. ischiofemoral ligament: stops extreme hip joint internal rotation

label this diagram of the hip muscles

1. iliacus: hip flexion

2. psoas major: fip flexion

3. sartorius: hip abduction, flexion, lateral rotation

4. rectus femoris: hip flexion

5. tensor fasciae latae (TFL): hip flexion, abduction, medial rotation

6. gluteus maximus: hip extension, lateral rotation, adduction

7. gluteus medius: hip abduction

8. piriformis, obturator internus: laterally rotate the hip

9. adductor longus: adduct and flex the hip

10. gracilis: adduct and flex the hip

11. adductor magnus: adduct and flex the hip

12. long head of biceps femoris: hip extension

13. semitendinosus: hip extension

14. semimembranosus: hip extension

label this diagram of the femur

1. medial femoral condyle: join the tibia at the knee joint

2. lateral femoral condyle: join the tibia at the knee joint

3. lateral femoral epicondyle: lateral collateral ligament, lateral head of gastrocnemuis, and origin of popliteus attach

4. medial femoral epicondyle: medial collateral ligament and medial head of gastrocnemius attach

label this diagram of the tibia and fibula

1. medial tibial condyles: for articulation with the femur at the knee joint

2. lateral tibial condyles: for articulation with the femur at the knee joint

3. intercondylar eminence (4 tibial spines): for attachemnt of both ends of both the medial and lateral menisci

4. tibial tuberosity: for attachment of the patellar tendon

5. head of the fibula: for the attachment of the LCL and insertion tendon of biceps femoris

6. gerdy’s tubercle: for insertion of iliotibial band

7. medial malleolus: on tibia. mostly for attachment of the MCL of the ankle

8. lateral malleolus: on fibula. mostly for attachment of th LCL of the ankle

label this diagram of the foot

1. talus: articulates with tibia and fibula at ankle joint

2. calcaneus: heel bone, largest tarsal bone

3. navicular: boat-shaped bone on medial side

4. cuboid: cube-shaped bone on lateral side

5. cuneiforms: three wedged-shaped bones

6. metatarsals: five long bones of the midfoot

7. phalanges: toe bones

label this diagram of the knee

1. anterior cruciate ligament: strops the femur sliding backwards on the tibia

2. posterior cruciate ligament: stops the femur sliding forwards on the tibia

3. lateral menisci: deepen the knee joint, increasing stability; act as shock absorbers

4. medial menisci: deepen the knee joint, increasing stability; act as shock absorbers

5. lateral collateral ligament: stops the leg from adducting at the knee joint

6. medial collateral ligament: stops the leg from abducting at the knee joint

label this diagram of the heart

1. aorta: carries oxygen-rich blood away from the left ventricle and distributes it to the rest of the body.

2. pulmonary artery: branches (right and left) carrying blood to lungs for oxygenation

3. pulmonary vein: return oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

4. left atrium: upper left receiving chamber of the heart

5. left ventricle: lower left pumping chamber with thickest muscular wall

6. spetum: separate structures so they can perform their specific functions without interference

7. decending aorta: the descending portion specifically feeds the lower body

8. inferior vena cava: large vein bringing deoxygenated blood from lower body to right atrium

9. right ventricle: lower right pumping chamber, sends blood to lungs

10. right atrium: upper right receiving chamber of the heart

11. pulmonary valve: three-cusped valve at exit of right ventricle

12. superior vena cava: large vein bringing deoxygenated blood from upper body to right atrium

label the diagram of the respiratory tract

1. nasal cavity: internal space of the nose

2. pharynx: throat

3. larynx: voice box

4. trachea: windpipe

5. bronchi: main air passages to lungs

6. lungs

label this diagram of the vertebral column

1. cervical vertebra: smallest vertebrae; transverse foramina for vertebral arteries

2. thoracic vertebra: articulate with ribs; limited mobility due to rib cage

3. lumbar vertebra: largest vertebrae; bear most body weight

4. sacral vertebrae: fused to form sacrum; articulates with pelvis

5. coccygeal vertebra: vestigial tailbone

label this diagram of the basic vertebral structures

1. vertebral body: the anterior weight-bearing part; attaches at the intervertebral joint to the vertebra above and below it

2. vertebral arch: comprised of pedicles and laminae; forms the posterior boundary of the vertebral foramen

3. pedicle: short, thick projection protuding posteriorly from each side of the body

4. lamina: flat plates continuing from pedicles; attach to each other posteriorly in the midline

5. transverse processes: prject laterally from where each pedicle meets its lamina; for muscle and ligament attachments

6. spinous process: projects posteriorly from the midline junction of the laminae; for muscle and ligament attachments

7. vertebral foramen: the central opening within the vertebral arch; when vertebrae are joined, forms the vertebral canal

8. superior articular processes: project upward to articulate with the vertebra above at the zygapophyseal joints

9. inferior articular processes: project downward to articulate with the vertebra below the zygapophyseal joints

10. inferior vertebral notch: indentation on inferior surface of pedicle; when vertebrae join, forms the intervertebral foramina where nerves exit

label this diagram of the sacrum

1. sacral promontory: Prominent anterior edge of S1 body; important obstetric landmark

2. Sacral canal: continuation of vertebral canal; contains cauda equina nerve roots

3. superior articular processes: articulate with L5

4. auricular surface: ear-shaped lateral surface for articulation with ilium at sacroiliac joint

5. anterior sacral foramina: openings for anterior rami of sacral spinal nerves

6. posterior sacral foramina: openings for posterior rami of sacral spinal nerves

7. median sacral crest: fused spinous processes along midline posteriorly

8. sacral hiatus: opening at inferior end of sacral canal; used for caudal epidural anesthesia

9. apex of sacrum: inferior tip; articulates with coccyx