Biochem 507 Exam 3

How to extract lipids

Solvate with organic solvents then extract

Saturated vs Unsaturated melting points

Saturated fats have a higher melting point

Unsaturated fats have a lower melting point

Fatty Acid Naming Convention

First Number: # Carbons

Second number: # Double bonds

Delta superscript: Carbon # of START of double bonds)

Glycerol Structure

What are eicosanoids

Signaling molecules (local hormones)

Modulates inflammation, pain, blood pressure, coagulation, reproduction

NSAIDS inhibit eicosanoids

Vitamin A pathway

Beta-carotene —> Vitamin A —> Retinal

Vitamin D Pathway

7-dehydrocholestrol —> Vitamin D3 —> Calcitriol

Calcitriol function

Increases Calcium absorption from food

Active form of Vitamin D

Three types of membrane structures

Micelle, bilayer, vesicle

Flippase direction

Outside —> Inside

Uses ATP

Floppase direction

Inside —> Outside

Uses ATP

Scramblase function

Flips lipids via a concentration gradient using Calcium ions

Simple Diffusion

Transporting nonpolar substances through the membrane via concentration gradient

Facilitated Diffusion

Transporting large, polar substances through the transport proteins via concentration gradient

Active Transport

Moving molecules across a membrane AGAINST a gradient via energy input

Charge of inside cell vs outside

Inside: Negatively charged

Outside: Positively charged

Primary Active Transport

ATP-driven

Secondary Active Transport

Gradient-driven

(Cotransport/Anti-transport)

Aquaporin

Channels that transport water faster than simple diffusion

P-O bond in ATP

Phosphoanhydride bond

Adenylation of ATP

Nucleophilic attack on α-Phosphate

Pyrophosphorylation of ATP

Nucleophilic attack on β-Phosphate

Phosphorylation of ATP

Nucleophilic attack on γ-Phosphate

Pyruvate Structure

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Structure

Phosphatase

Water is an acceptor/nucelophile

Phosphodiesterases

Water is a nucelophile on a phosphodiester bond

Phosphorylases

Free Phosphate is a nucelophile

Kinase

Nucleophile is not water

What vitamin are NAD/NADP derived from

Niacin (B3)

NADH function

Hydride donator/acceptor

Catabolic

NADH/NAD+ Ratio kept low (much less NADH than NAD)

NADPH function

Hydride Donator/Acceptor

Anabolic

NADPH/NADP Ratio kept high (much more NADPH than NADP)

NADH wavelength on spectrum

340 nm

A=ɛ̝cl

V_max in active vs passive transport

Active: Based on energy available

Passive: Based on solute concentration

Phospholipase Cutting Locations

A1- Top ester

A2 - Second from top ester

C- Phosphodiester bond to glycerol (bottom)

D- Phosphodiester bond to sugar

Types of Membrane Proteins

Integral, Peripheral, and Amphitropic

NAK pump amount and directions

Function of NAK

3 Na+ out,

2 K+ in

Function: maintain negative charge in the interior of cell and a positive charge in the outer portion

What type of enzyme is RNAse A

Phosphodiesterase

Pellagra Cause

Niacin (B3) deficiency

Pyruvate carboxylation cofactor

Biotin