Ren Europe Exam #2

Dr. Roland - TMU

What was the chief characteristic of Renaissance age in relation to intellectual life?

Eloquence

Belief in _____ _______ and the beauty of this _____

human dignity

world

Who was Petrarch’s muse?

Laura

What was the prestigious title that Petrarch was crowed with to signify him being the most famous poet of his day?

Poet laureate of Rome (1341)

When Petrarch’s muse, Laura, died what did he write about then?

Politics such as the Italian Unification

What was Petrarch described as?

Handsome, vain, and attention-seeking

What did Petrarch criticized?

scholasticism

What did Petrarch write with that ignored conventions?

He wrote with emotion

What did Boccaccio call his muse?

Little Flame

What were Boccaccio’s most famous works?

• Filocolo

• Decameron

What was Boccaccio’s work, Decameron, about?

Set during the plague it follows 10 young people (3 men 7 women) who flee Florence to the countryside, telling stories to pass the time - which showed all aspects of humanity

The terms for the 15th century as a period of Italian art or architecture?

The Quattrocento

What were the 3 developments that happened in the Quattrocento?

• Shift from Scholasticism

• Spread of the Greek language

• Politicization of Humanism (Civic Humanism)

What was Civic Humanism?

Using education and knowledge from the Ancients to serve, change, and improve society

Who made the culture of classical Greece fundamental to humanist study in the West?

Manuel Chrysoloras

Who was Leonardo Bruni?

Medici tutor, papal diplomat, and Florentine chancellor

What was Leonardo Bruni’s most famous work?

History of the Florentine People

Lorenzo Valla was hired by the Pope to produce what?

translation of Herodotus and Thucydides

Who exposed the Donation of Constantine as a forgery done by the church?

Lorenzo Valla

What did Lorenzo Valla criticize?

The Vulgate

What was Lorenzo Valla’s masterpiece he wrote at 17?

De Voluptate

What ancient philosopher did they re-emphasize in the Renaissance?

Plato

Plato focused on the _____ not the soul

mind

What was the Platonic Academy in Florence?

• place to study Plato

• trying to reconcile Christianity and Platonism

What did Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola try to reconcile?

Christianity with Platonism

What did Giovanni Pico della Mirandola write?

Oration on the Dignity of Man

What books did Cristine de Pizan write?

• The Book of the City of Ladies

• The Book of the Three Virtues

Who was the first woman in the Renaissance to make a living from writing?

Cristine de Pizan

What nationality was Cristine de Pizan?

French

What was Cristine de Pizan’s early life look like?

She was raised at the French Court where her Father served as a scholar and astrologer to King Charles V

Who was Veronica Gabara?

• Ruled city-state after her Husband’s death

• Became a haven for poets and scholars

• Printing press meant her works were published and spread

Who was Vittoria Colonna?

• Contemporary of Veronica Gabara

• Greatest woman poet of the Renaissance

• Wrote religious poems for her husband who died

Who was Baldassare Castiglione and did he write?

• Envoy to Leo X

• The Courtier - guide how an ideal courtier should behave

Who was Machiavelli?

• served in Florence

• created the militia

What were Machiavelli’s most famous works?

• The Prince

• Discourse on the First Ten Books of Livy

• History of Florence

• Mandragola

Basics of Art in the Renaissance?

• Produced for patrons

• Religious in a worldly way

• Made use of new techniques

• Reflected influence of Greeks and Romans

Who defines the Renaissance man?

Leonardo da Vinci

Which painter had the clearest expression of the Renaissance?

Raphael

What were the major factors in the cause of the War of Roses?

• failure in the hundred years war

• Henry the 6th’s corrupt advisors and nobles

• claim to throne: Henry the 6th’s child v. Duke of York

The Battles of the War of Roses:

1. St. Albans - Yorkist

2. Northampton - Yorkist

3. Wakefield - Lancastrian

4. St. Albans - Lancastrian

5. Mortimer’s Cross - Yorkist

What are the Resolution Battles in the War of Roses?

Tewkesbury - Yorkist

Bosworth Field - Lancastrian

What resolves the War of Roses?

Henry Tudor aka Henry 7th marries the daughter of Edward the 4th ending the feud by uniting the families

What issues does Henry VII (7) face in his reign? and how does he gain alliances?

• Scotland: appeases them through marry his sister, Margaret Tudor to James the King of Scotland

• Spain: Spain a budding super-power - marries his son Arthur to Katharine of Aragon, but after Arthur dies, his younger brother, Henry VIII marries Katharine of Aragon to preserve the unity

Other things to know about Henry VII:

• Clever Political Leader

• Star Chamber (secret judicial body)

• Commercial treaty with Netherlands

What was Henry VIII’s goal for England?

Make England a European power

How does Henry VIII try to make the England a European power?

By joining the Holy League, that’s led by the Pope + Spain, against France

Who was Henry VIII’s minister and trusted advisor?

Thomas Wolsey

Why did Henry VIII increase taxes?

After winning against France in the Holy League, the Pope + Spain didn’t give any of the spoils to England - needing to increase taxes

Who is the first woman Henry VIII falls in love with with while married to Katherine of Aragon?

Anne Boleyn

Who is the Pope that refuses to give Henry VIII a divorce?

Pope Clement VII

What is an underlining reason Pope Clement VII refuses to divorce Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon?

Pope Clement VII is under the power of the king of the HRE Charles V who’s aunt is Katherine

What does Henry VIII do when he is refused his divorce?

Leave the Roman Catholic Church and start the Church of England

Who does Henry VIII make archbishop of Canterbury and have them write a list of grievances against the Roman Catholic Church?

Thomas Cranmer

The _____ Reformation is one of the consequence of the divorce and leaving of the Roman Catholic Church

Anglican Reformation

What do all the Priest have to sign with the bringing about of the Church of England?

Act of Supremacy

What is Anne Boleyn’s outcome? Who was Henry’s next wife? What does she do for him?

• Anne Boleyn gives birth to a daughter, accuses of adultery, and executed

• Jane Seymour

• Jane Seymour gives birth to a son, Edward 6th

What were the Ten Articles (1537) that Henry VIII put in place?

a doctrine to define the church of England, it was like a compromise between Catholic traditions and emerging Protestant ideas

What were the Six Articles (1539) that Henry VIII put in place?

Doctrine that swung England back into traditional Catholicism, meaning they don’t follow the Pope anymore but they still look very Catholic

What gains an increased importance under Henry VIII?

Parliament

How old was Edward VI when he came to the throne? What did he accomplish? What did he die from?

• 9 years old

• Advisors tried to move England towards Protestantism

• Died of tuberculosis

Who is the mother of Mary I and why is this important?

Katherine of Aragon - Meaning Mary I is ultra catholic. Why? The reason the Anglican Reformation (what Mary I has to deal with) happened was because her mother was cheated on with Anne Boleyn

What did Mary I repeal in her reign?

All religious laws that moved towards Protestantism under Edward VI

Who does Mary I marry and why?

Philip of Spain (son of Charles V) - for an heir and alliance with the biggest superpower of their day

Does Mary I have any children? Who is the only heir left?

• No

• Only heir left is Elizabeth, Mary’s sister

What was Elizabeth described to be?

an intelligent, determine, and extortionary woman

What was Elizabeth I’s main goal in her reign?

To bring unity & stability

What were the 39 Articles (1563) made by Elizabeth?

the formal document of the Church of England - a masterpiece of comprise between Protestantism and Catholicism

Why does Elizabeth not marry Mary’s husband Philip of Spain and why does she vow to never marry?

Elizabeth realizes if she were to marry anyone England would become a sub-set of another country. To preserve her country.

Why is the Spanish Armada made?

After English pirates pillage Spanish boats, Philip builds this navy superpower to take England

What is the Protestant Wind?

A storm breaks out during the Spanish Armada’s attack on England destroying their ships causing them to never reach English shores and causing them to retreat

Who tried to assert herself as the next heir by trying to take the throne from Elizabeth I? What happens?

Mary Queen of Scotts

She is executed

Elizabeth I often ruled without _______

Parliament

Who is the next in line after Elizabeth I dies without an heir?

James VI of Scotland (Mary Queen of Scotts) who becomes James I

What did Louis XI want to limit? Why?

Limit the power of the nobility

To rebel against his father - the nobility supported his father

What do the nobility do in response to Louis XI limiting their power?

form the League of Public Weal, led by Charles the Bold

After the League of Public Weal attack Paris Louis XI signs this treaty:

Treaty of Conflans

After breaking the Treaty of Conflans, Louis XI is captured and has to sign this treaty:

Treaty of Ancenis

What were Louis XI accomplishment and late life look like?

• Efficient Administrator

• Heavy Taxes

• Intervened in Church Affairs

• Lived like a hermit and paranoid after the Treaty of Ancenis

Who is the king after Louis XI?

Charles VIII

Who is Charles VIII married to and why is this a step-up for him?

Anne of Brittany

Brittany is a branch of France, he’s gained more territory

What does Charles VIII start?

Invasion of Italy that ultimately ends in failure

What battle is Charles VIII defeated at and what happens to him after?

• The Battle of Fornovo

• Dies from Illness

Who is the King after Charles VIII?

Louis XII

How did Louis XII have more success than his cousin Charles VIII?

He wars in Italy and is able to conquer Milan and Genoa

When Louis XII realizes he’ll never make it farther than Milan and Genoa, what does he sign?

Treaty of Blois - Northern Italy is split between France and HRE

When revolts in Venice begin in result of the Treaty of Blois what does Louis XII do? What happens after?

• Form an alliance with the Pope called the League of Cambrai

• The Pope betray him and drives him out of Venice - and eventually Milan after the HRE betray him

Which French King was known as the “Father of his people”?

Louis XII

Which French King comes to the climax of the Italian Wars?

Francis I

What is Francis I first goal?

get Milan back

In the first war of Francis I, what happens? What is signed?

• Francis I is immediately defeated at La Bicocca, persists to Pavia, where he is captured

• Forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid which renounces all his claims in Italy and surrender Burgundy to the HRE

What happens in the second war against Italy with Francis I?

• Forms the League of Cognac (Pope, Henry VIII, and Florence) to fight the HRE for Italy

• Is defeated and abandoned Francis I is forced to sign the Treaty of Cambrai which just doubles down the previous treaty

What happens in the third war for Italy with Francis I?

• Prompted when Milan’s leader dies

• HRE invades France - causing Francis I to be defeated in Milan

• Forced to sign Treaty of Nice

What happens in the fourth war for Italy with Francis I?

• Forms an alliance with the Emperor of the Ottoman Empire (Suleyman I)

• Defeated and signs the Treaty of Crecy where he is forced to give up Flanders

What was Maximilian I’s goal for the Holy Roman Empire?

to make the emperor MEAN something

What did Maximilian I want to do with administrative reforms?

he is is dealing with the decentralization of the Empire - he wants to Centralize the empire

Who does Maximilian I marry? Why does this anger French king Louis XII?

• Mary of Burgundy - well play of diplomacy

• Burgundy was technically French land

Who does Maximilian I marry his son to? What would be the outcome?

Joanna of Spain so his son will be ruler of Spain and HRE

What does Maximilian I establish to help accomplish his goal of centralizing the empire? What was happening at the same time?

• The Diet of Worms (A supreme court that applied Roman law, increased taxes, and banned private warfare)

• The reformation

What 3 issues does emperor of the HRE, Charles V, faces?

• Protestant Reformation

• Issues between France & Italy

• Ottoman Turks

How does Charles V show that he was the supreme ruler of the HRE?

By having Pope Clemet VII to crown him emperor of the HRE after sacking Rome