Cell Biology and Basic Chemistry Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering cell theory, stem cell specialization, organ systems, microscope magnification, mitosis, cancer, and basic periodic table chemistry.

Cell Theory

The three parts stating that all living things are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Totipotent

Stem cells found in early embryos that can become any cell type.

Pluripotent

Stem cells that can become many cell types, but not all.

Multipotent

Stem cells that can only become a few related cell types, such as bone marrow making blood cells.

Differentiation

The process where a stem cell "chooses" a job and transforms into a specific type.

Specialization

The state of having a specific structure to perform a specific function, such as a long nerve cell.

Circulatory System

Organ system composed of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Digestive System

Organ system composed of the stomach, intestines, esophagus, and liver.

Respiratory System

Organ system composed of the lungs, trachea, and diaphragm.

Excretory System

Organ system composed of the kidneys, bladder, and ureters.

Total Magnification

Calculated by multiplying the eyepiece (usually $10x$) by the objective lens ($10 \times 40 = 400x$).

Eyepiece Power

The magnification of the microscope eyepiece, which is usually $10x$.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle where DNA replicates and the cell grows.

Prophase

The phase of mitosis where chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane dissolves.

Metaphase

The phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up in the middle.

Anaphase

The phase of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides.

Telophase

The phase of mitosis where two new nuclei form and the cell begins to pinch.

Cancer Cells

Cells characterized by uncontrolled division, non-specialization, and the ability to spread (metastasize).

Protons

Subatomic particles equal to the Atomic Number.

Electrons

Subatomic particles equal to the Atomic Number in a neutral atom.

Orbits/Shells

Determined by looking at the Period (horizontal row) number on the periodic table.

Neutrons

Calculated as Mass Number minus Atomic Number.

Diatomic Elements (HOBrFINCl)

Elements that exist as pairs: Hydrogen ($H_{2}$), Oxygen ($O_{2}$), Bromine ($Br_{2}$), Fluorine ($F_{2}$), Iodine ($I_{2}$), Nitrogen ($N_{2}$), and Chlorine ($Cl_{2}$).

Anions

Ions with a negative charge which represents gaining electrons.

Cations

Ions with a positive charge which represents losing electrons.

Ionic Bonds

Bonds formed by the transfer (give/take) of electrons between a metal and a non-metal, resulting in cations and anions.

Covalent (Molecular) Bonds

Bonds formed by sharing electrons between two non-metals, resulting in neutral molecules.