ANFS240 lecture 21

order carnivora

includes cats and dogs

Order Perissodactyla

odd-toed ungulates; usually herbivores; horses and other equids

Order Artiodactyla

even-toed ungulates; pigs, cattle, alpaca, deer; can be omnivores or herbivores

true/obligate carnivores

Have a high requirement for certain amino acids (specifically taurine) and other vitamins in their diet

omnivores

able to create most amino acids and vitamins from other parts of their diet

herbivores

eat mainly plant material and are capable of obtaining energy from high-cellulose plant material; have assistance from microbes in GI tract (often can't tolorate animal protein or fat)

gastrointestinal tract (GI)

tube from mouth to anus; accessory structures like liver, pancreas, ect. are not part of GI tract; part of digestive system

mouth

most rostral of digestive system; Includes oral cavity & its walls, teeth, tongue, and salivary glands; Functions include prehension, mastication, and insalivation

lips

Form + function determined by the diet; more sensitive and mobile in grazing or browsing animals (horse vs cat);

Made of skin, oral mucosa, muscle, tendon, and glands

upper lip

may have a median naked area that continues with the

modified skin around the nostrils; Upper lip may be divided by a philtrum (mainly carnivores & small ruminants)

upper lip in different species

Nasolabial plate in cattle

Nasal plate in carnivores and small ruminants

Rostral plate in pigs

cheeks

Buccae; Similar composition to the lips

buccal cavities + 2 types

Certain species, like rodents, may have significant buccal cavities (Between the cheeks & the teeth) for temporary food storage

• Labial vestibule - between lips

and incisors

• Buccal vestibule - between

cheeks and cheek teeth

Papillae

finger-like projections; line the buccal mucosa of ruminants

Gums (gingivae)

Oral mucosa that covers the bone of the maxilla/mandible, and part of the teeth; In most species they should be moist and light pink

what affects gum color

dental disease - red, "puffy"

lack of oxygen - purple/blue

systemic disease - bright red/deep purple

species - ruminants are normally gray

hard palate

Made of the palatine, maxillary, and incisive bones; Covered in ridged soft tissue; Separates oral and nasal cavities

tongue

Extends into the oropharynx; Root attaches to hyoid bone, and the apex is freely moving; Covered in tough mucosa where it comes in contact with food, and a softer, more sensitive mucosa in its protected locations

tongue papillae

Projections on the thickened mucosa of the tongue that have mechanical &/or taste function

types of tongue papillae

• Filiform

• Fungiform

• Foliate

• Vallate

filiform papillae

Most predominant papillae; No taste function; Cat has classic long, narrow, caudally-directed papillae; Heavily cornified in the cat and in ruminants, for protection

fungiform papillae

Taste function - sweet & salty, esp in dogs; Rounded ("fungiform"); Found between the filiform papillae, typically in the rostral 2/3 of the tongue; Covered in thick keratin (mechanical, protective function)

foliate papillae

Mostly in the caudal 1/3 of the tongue, along the lateral border; Seen grossly as shallow grooves; Taste function - mostly sour; Usually absent in ruminants

vallate papillae

Near the root; Taste sensation only; 4-6 together form a V that opens in the rostral direction

salivary glands

Small ones are found in the structures within the mouth and produce mucous; Larger glands are found outside of the mouth and produce a more serous fluid; digestive enzymes

saliva digestive enzymes

Contain digestive enzymes to start the digestion process ASAP

• Parotid

• Zygomatic

• Mandibular

• Sublingual

parotid gland

Produces mostly serous (watery) saliva; Ventral to ear; Larger in herbivores; Very productive gland; Enters along the caudolateral side of the mouth

zygomatic gland

"Dorsal Buccal Gland" in herbivores; Mixed secretions; Opens on the dorsolateral portion of the mouth, near the first molar

mandibular gland

Mixed mucous and serous saliva; Smaller than parotid gland; Close to the angle of the jaw; Larger in herbivores; Opens into the floor of the mouth

sublingual gland

Mixed mucous and serous secretions; Rostral to the mandibular gland, caudoventral to the root of the tongue; May have several parts to it; Opens on the floor of the mouth, below the tongue