World History Chapter 10

the southern route (through the Arabian Sea), central route (through the Persian Gulf), and northern route (through the Silk Road)

What were the 3 routes by which traders from the Orient reached the Mediterranean?

Italy

What nation took the lead in trade after it was revived during the Medieval period?

Flanders

the marketplace of northern Europe which lay at the crossroads of northern European trade routes; region which had makers of fine cloth and had easy access to the markets of Europe

markets

the primary centers for trade in northern Europe

trade fairs

operated on a larger scale than local markets and attracted merchants from all over Europe; great regional or international events for trade

Champagne

region in northeastern France which became an important trade center for merchants traveling between Flanders and Italy; held the most famous and important fairs

moneychangers

men experienced in judging the approximate value of coins, discovering counterfeit currency, and determining one's currency value in relation to another; moneylenders who loaned money to people and invented letters of credit

banca

Italian word meaning "bench" which refers to the table of moneychangers; word which gave us our word "bank"

just price

price of goods sold that included the cost of materials, a fair return for labor profited, and a reasonable profit; charging a fair price for services and labor

give it to charity

If any man received a profit greater than his needs in northern medieval Europe, what was he expected to do?

usury

prohibited by the Roman Church; the practice of charging interest for the use of lent money

charter

legal document which contained the privileges granted to a town by a feudal lord or king; outlined the freedoms and rights of the townspeople

free status, exemption from manorial obligations, town justice, and commercial privileges

What were the 4 basic freedoms of townspeople?

a year and one day

How long would you have to live in a town to gain freedom?

guilds

organization whose primary function was to regulate the business activity of a town; established schools and cared for the poor, widows, and orphans; separated by classes

merchant guild

earliest type of guild that guarded the trade interests of merchants by giving them a monopoly of the town's trade; restricted outsiders from doing business in town except they paid a heavy fee and fixed set prices fir goods in towns

craft guilds

specific type of guilds for each type of trade; regulated the hours its members worked, the wages earned, and the number of employees hired

apprentice

young boy in training to become a master craftsman; was expected to work for a master in return for his food , lodging, and training; was the first step in a guild

2-7 years

How long would a boy be an apprentice before he became a journeyman?

journeyman

"day laborer" who could seek employment on his own and earn wages as a skilled worker; worked at a master craftsman's shop

master

man who could take on apprentices and journeymen once opening his own shop; had to undergo an oral examination, present an example of his workmanship (master piece), and take an oath to conduct himself according to the regulations of the guild

Hanseatic League

most famous of the associations between towns protecting their mutual commercial interests; composed of more than 70 German cities in northwestern Europe who organized trade; created a navy to help protect their commercial interests

the Hanse

sought to organize and control trade in Sweden, Russia, Flanders, and England; powerful political force that negotiated treaties, maintained its own navy, and waged war against other countries

middle class

social class that developed in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and was composed of merchants, bankers, craftsmen, and skilled laborers

trivium

liberal arts curriculum of the Medieval period which consisted of grammar (Latin), rhetoric (effective speaking), and logic

quadrivium

liberal arts curriculum of the Medieval period which consisted of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music

political and economic conditions improved, Europe benefited from contact with Byzantine and Arab civilization, and the middle class' desire for education

What were the 3 factors that brought about a revival of learning in Europe?

universitas

united people for the common purpose of education

Bologna

place of one of the earliest universities; became a leading center for the study of law

Paris

place of one of the earliest universities; became a center for the study of theology

Salerno, Italy

place of one of the earliest universities; specialized in the study of medicine

Scholasticism

intellectual movement which finds its roots in Bible study; tried to combine Aristotle's teachings with the Bible

Anselm

Scholastic thinker and archbishop of Canterbury who believed that faith in God's revelation is essential to proper understanding

the existence of God and the satisfaction concept of atonement

On supporting what 2 major doctrines is Anselm best remembered for his logical arguments?

Peter Abelard

advocated the frequent asking of questions as the "first key to wisdom" and believed that doubting brought knowledge; wrote Sic et Non

Thomas Aquinas

thinker who made Scholasticism reach its height; "the Prince of the Schoolmen" who wrote Summa Theologiae to promote his idea that Aristotle's philosophy could be used to help understand theological ideas when it agreed with the church

Albert the Great

Dominican friar who played an important role in introducing scientific Muslim documents to medieval universities

Robert Grosseteste

bishop of London who was a teacher of Roger Bacon and proved to be a central character in advancing medieval science

Roger Bacon

student of Grosseteste who made significant contributions in the areas of physics, geography, and optics; advocated observation and experimentation as tests for scientific conclusions

Aristotle

Whose writing shaped the scientific thinking of medieval scholars?

vernacular

describes the common spoken language in literature

heroic epic

long narrative poem that celebrated the adventures of legendary heroes

Dante Alighieri

Italian poet who wrote Divine Comedy and was one of the greatest writers of the late medieval period

Divine Comedy

long poem written by Dante Alighieri which takes an imaginary journey through hell, purgatory, and paradise; reflects the religious beliefs, social order, and political turbulence of the late Middle Ages

Geoffrey Chaucer

prominent English poet who wrote The Canterbury Tales

The Canterbury Tales

poem written by Geoffrey Chaucer which presents a collection of stories told by pilgrims on their way to visit the tomb of Thomas à Becket at Canterbury

Romanesque

prevalent architectural style from 1050 to 1150; included thick walls, rounded arches, heavy columns, and dark and gloomy interiors; means "Roman-like"

Gothic

architectural style which had light and delicate buildings and flying buttresses

Pope Innocent III

pope under whom papal power and prestige reached its zenith; likened his authority to the sun, and that of kings to the moon

excommunication, interdict, and inquisition

What were the 3 papal weapons that Pope Innocent III used against those who offended the Roman Church?

excommunication

the punishment of an individual by depriving him of the sacraments and excluding him from the fellowship of the Roman Church

interdict

the suspension of public church services and of the administration of all sacraments except baptism and extreme unction in a given location

inquisition

a special church court commissioned by the pope to stamp out heresy; used torture to make the accused admit to heresy and killed those who would not confess

heresy

the holding of beliefs contrary to the Roman Church's teaching; considered to be the greatest of medieval crimes

Crusades

campaigns in which the Roman Church tried to kick the Muslims out of the Holy Land

8

How many major Crusades were there between 1095 to 1291?

First Crusade

Which of the Crusades was the closest to a successful military campaign?

the Crusades weakened the feudal structure of Europe, expanded the commercial activity of Europe, strengthened the papacy, and opened new horizons to the people of medieval Europe

What 4 profound effects did the Crusades have on western Europe which you will need to know for the essay?

Boniface VIII

pope during whose administration the papacy's power declined; wrote the Unam Sanctam and was almost killed by Philip IV

Philip IV

French king whose reign was the climax of Capetian rule; taxed the clergy, though Pope Boniface VIII denounced it; known as "the Fair" and developed the Estates-General

Unam Sanctam

famous papal document issued by Boniface VIII which asserted that "it is altogether necessary to salvation for every human being to be subject to the Roman pontiff"

Babylonian Captivity

period in which all the popes, which were all French, resided at Avignon; period in which the popes remained under the influence of the French kings

Avignon Exile

another name for the Babylonian Captivity of the Roman church

Rome; Avignon

In 1309, the papal capital was moved from ________ to _________; all the popes from that time forward until 1377 were French.

Gregory XI

pope who was the last French pope before the Great Schism; died in 1377 soon after taking up residence in Rome

Great Schism

divided the allegiance of the nations of Europe for 40 years because of the two popes—one in Rome and one in Avignon

Council of Constance

large gathering of church leaders which settled the matter between the 3 popes; elected Martin V as the sole pope and healed the schism and restored the papacy to Rome

Martin V

elected as the sole pope of Rome by the Council of Constance

nation-states

developed in the late Middle Ages as people in certain regions became more fully aware of their common traditions and language, founding nationalism; cities with common traditions

Henry II

French great-grandson of William the Conqueror who founded the Plantagenet family; strengthened royal authority in England by expanding the jurisdiction of the royal courts and established circuit courts

indictments

accusations of what crimes had committed and who the suspected offenders were

12

How many people were on the jury who gave evidence to a circuit justice?

common law

uniform laws for all of England that helped ensure justice and draw the English people together into a unified nation

Thomas à Becket

appointed archbishop of Canterbury by Henry II; murdered by 4 knights in 1170 after they heard Henry's rash words about him

Richard the Lion-Hearted (Richard I)

Henry II's oldest son who was an able warrior and admired crusader who contributed little to the English crown because he spent most of his reign in the Third Crusade and in the defense of his French holdings; English ruler whose reign provides the setting for the adventures of the legendary English hero Robin Hood

John

Richard the Lion-Hearted's brother who was a cruel ruler that lacked the strong personal qualities to win the trust and admiration of the English people and taxed the people heavily; ruler whose reign was marked by continual conflict with Philip II, Pope Innocent III, and the English nobles; forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215

Stephen Langton

appointed by Pope Innocent III as the archbishop of Canterbury because King John and the monks at Canterbury both chose different archbishops

Magna Carta

one of the most important documents in English history that was originally intended as a guarantee of feudal rights but was later looked to as an establishment of the principle that the king's power is limited

1215

When was the Magna Carta signed?

Edward I

one of England's most gifted medieval kings who conquered Wales and made his son Prince of Wales; developed Parliament

Parliament

developed by Edward I; assembly which included representative burgesses, representative, knights, and the king's chief vassals

Model Parliament

name given to the meeting of Parliament during Edward I's reign because it had the basic features of later Parliaments

House of Commons

name later given to the community of knights and burgesses that met separately from Parliament

House of Lords

name given to the assembly of the chief feudal lords that met separately from Parliament

King Louis IX

Philip II' grandson who has been called the ideal medieval king because he made peace and justice the primary goals of his reign and sought to protect the rights of all; remembered as Saint Louis and "the French Justinian"; established a permanent royal court at Paris, issued ordinances without consulting his chief vassals, and led 2 crusades against the Muslims in North Africa

Estates-General

meeting of the church, the nobility, and the townspeople in Paris; summoned by Philip IV and was used for advice by Philip; led to the absolute monarchy in France

Hundred Years' War

long struggle and rivalry between England and France that contributed to the decline of feudalism while stimulating nationalism; caused by a claim to the French throne by Edward III

Edward III

English king whose mother was the sister of the 3 French kings before him; claimed the French throne but lost the war for it

Philip VI

chosen as French king by the French nobles; fought with Edward III for the throne and won

longbows

English weapon invented during the Hundred Years' War that allowed arrows to penetrate armor

Joan of Arc

peasant girl who turned the tide for the French to win the Hundred Years' War; accompanied the French army into battle, believing that heavenly voices had directed her, but was burned at the stake by the English in 1431

Wars of the Roses

series of conflicts between the houses of York and Lancaster in England who fought for the English throne; lasted for 30 years until the house of Lancaster finally won through Henry VII Tudor

Henry VII

king who founded the powerful Tudor dynasty and defeated the house of York in the Wars of the Roses

Moors

Spanish Muslims on the Iberian Peninsula who were driven out by European forces

Reconquista

warriors who had successfully reclaimed the entire peninsula except for Granada from the Moors

Cortes

a council composed of nobles, clergy, and representatives of the cities in Portugal, Castile, and Aragon that was the equivalent to Parliament in those 3 nations

Ferdinand

heir to the throne of Aragon who founded Spain with his wife

Isabella

heir to the throne of Castile who founded Spain with her husband and firmly established their royal power in Spain

Spain

created by the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella; completely drove the Moors out in 1492

Spanish Inquisition

a systematic persecution of Muslims, Jews, and later Christians; authorized by Ferdinand and Isabella