teas chemistry 🧪

Atomic Structure

consist of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and orbiting electrons

what subshell can hold a maximum of 6 electrons?

p-subshell

sucrase

enzyme that breaks down sucrose, another disaccharide carbohydrate, into glucose and fructose

maltase

responsible for breaking down maltose, a disaccharide carbohydrate, into glucose

pepsin

a digestive enzyme found in the stomach that specifically breaks down proteins into smaller peptides

nuclease

enzymes that break down nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, not proteins

protons, neutrons, electrons

3 subatomic particles

protons

positive charge

electrons

negative charge

neutrons

neutral charge

Periodic Table

A chart of the elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Ions

atoms with an electrical charge due to gaining or losing electrons

cation

positively charged ion (lost electrons)

anion

negatively charged ion (gained electrons)

Electron Configuration

the arrangement of electrons in an atom

Ionic Bonds

Transfer of electrons, forming oppositely charged ions

Covalent Bonds

Sharing of electrons

States of Matter

solid, liquid, gas

Phase Changes

Transitions between solid, liquid, and gas states.

Chemical Reactions

Reactants transform into products.

Exothermic

Releases heat

Endothermic

Absorbs heat

Equilibrium

A state of balance

Static Equilibrium

No exchange between reactants and products

Dynamic Equilibrium

Continuous exchange at equal rates

adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

polar substances

dissolve in water (hydrophilic)

non-polar substances

do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic)

Molarity

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Hypertonic

Higher solute concentration (cells shrink)

hypotonic

Lower solute concentration (cells swell)

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

passive transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

facilitated diffusion

REQUIRES protein channels for larger molecules

active transport

Requires energy (ATP) to move molecules against their concentration gradient

pH scale

Measures acidity/alkalinity (0-14)

acids

pH above 7, release hydrogen ions (H+)

Bases (alkaline)

pH below 7, release hydroxide ions (OH-)

neutralization

A reaction between an acid and a base

polar bond

electrons are shared unequally

non-polar bond

a covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

non-covalent bonds

much weaker than covalent bonds, reversible, repeated