A&P 244 Lab - Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

What are the two primary functions of the respiratory system?

To provide oxygen to body cells and remove carbon dioxide.

Which four structures comprise the Upper Respiratory System?

The nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx.

Which four structures comprise the Lower Respiratory System?

The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Which specific bones form the nasal bridge?

The frontal and nasal bones.

The lateral walls of the nasal cavity are primarily composed of the processes of the _____.

maxillae

What two structures form the nasal septum?

The vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.

What is the primary histological classification of the nasal epithelium covering the conchae?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Which specific cell type in the nasal epithelium is responsible for secreting mucus to trap dust?

Goblet cells

What is the physiological purpose of the nasal turbinates (conchae)?

To increase surface area to cleanse, warm, and humidify inhaled air.

Where is the olfactory epithelium specifically located within the respiratory system?

In the upper medial part of the nasal cavity.

Besides air passage, the nasal cavity serves as a _____ chamber for speech.

resonating

The paranasal sinuses are continuous with the nasal cavity and are lined by _____.

mucous membrane

What structure connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus?

The pharynx

List the three anatomical sections of the pharynx from superior to inferior.

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

During swallowing, which two structures prevent food or fluids from entering the nasal cavity?

The soft palate and the uvula.

The uvula closes off the _____ during the swallowing process.

internal nares

Tonsils are composed of what specific type of tissue?

Lymphoid tissue

What is the clinical name for pharyngeal tonsils?

Adenoids

List the three main types of tonsils mentioned in the respiratory anatomy.

Pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual tonsils.

The larynx is colloquially known as the _____.

voice box

How many total pieces of cartilage make up the larynx?

Nine

What is the anatomical name for the 'Adam's Apple'?

Thyroid cartilage

Which laryngeal cartilage is situated immediately inferior to the thyroid cartilage?

Cricoid cartilage

What structure acts as a 'lid' for the larynx to prevent food from entering the trachea?

The epiglottis

Which ligament connects the thyroid cartilage to the cricoid cartilage?

The cricothyroid ligament.

Inside the larynx, what is the alternate name for 'false vocal cords'?

Vestibular folds

The true vocal cords (vocal folds) attach to which cartilages?

Arytenoid cartilages

The true vocal cords attach to the arytenoid cartilages via the _____.

vocal ligaments

Definition: Glottis

The vocal cords and the space between them (rima glottidis).

What specific cartilage is located superior to the arytenoid cartilage in the larynx?

Corniculate cartilage

What is the name of the last tracheal cartilage that separates the entrances to the right and left primary bronchi?

The carina

How does the right mainstem bronchus typically compare to the left mainstem bronchus?

It is wider, shorter, and more vertical.

Each secondary bronchus serves exactly one _____ of the lungs.

lobe

List the descending order of the bronchial tree branches starting from the trachea.

Trachea -> Primary bronchi -> Secondary bronchi -> Tertiary bronchi -> Bronchioles.

Term: Apex of the lung

Definition: The superior portion of the lung located just under the clavicle.

Which part of the lung sits directly on the diaphragm?

The base

The indentation on the medial surface of the lung where blood vessels and bronchi enter is called the _____.

hilus

What are the two distinctive anatomical features of the left lung that differ from the right?

It has only two lobes and a cardiac notch.

Identify the three lobes of the right lung.

Right upper lobe (RUL), middle lobe (RML), and lower lobe (RLL).

Which fissure is found in both the right and left lungs?

The oblique fissure.

Which fissure is unique to the right lung?

The horizontal fissure.

The double-layered sac of serous membrane surrounding the lungs is called the _____.

pleura

Distinguish between the Parietal and Visceral pleura.

Parietal pleura attaches to the thoracic walls; Visceral pleura covers the lung tissue.

What is the function of the serous fluid within the pleural cavity?

It allows the pleural layers to slide against each other without friction during breathing.

Which thoracic region contains the heart, great vessels, esophagus, and thymus?

The mediastinum

List the three histological layers of the trachea from deep to superficial.

Mucosa, Submucosa, and Adventitia.

What histological layer of the trachea contains the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage?

The adventitia

In the tracheal mucosa, the epithelium sits upon an underlying layer of loose areolar tissue called the _____.

lamina propria

The tracheal submucosa contains _____ glands that produce mucus.

seromucous

What are the two primary structural differences between bronchioles and bronchi?

Bronchioles lack cartilage and have a higher proportion of smooth muscle.

Where does gas exchange begin to occur by simple diffusion in the bronchial tree?

At the respiratory bronchioles.

Distinguish between the 'Conducting zone' and the 'Respiratory zone'.

The conducting zone is mucosa-lined and allows no gas exchange; the respiratory zone is thin-walled and allows exchange with blood.

What is the structural difference between an alveolar sac and an alveolus?

Alveolar sacs are clusters of 'grapes'; alveoli are the 'individual grapes'.

In alveoli histology, what is the specific role of Type 1 Pneumocytes?

They are flattened cells specialized for gas exchange.

What is the function of Type 2 Pneumocytes (Septal cells)?

They are cuboidal cells that produce surfactant.

What is the clinical name for alveolar macrophages?

Dust cells

List the three layers of the Respiratory Membrane (the air-blood barrier).

1. Squamous type 1 alveolar epithelium, 2. Fused basal laminae, 3. Squamous endothelial cells of capillaries.

Gases move across the respiratory membrane via the process of _____.

simple diffusion

What is the fundamental physical principle governing the movement of air in and out of the lungs?

Air moves from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure.

During inspiration, what happens to the diaphragm and thoracic volume?

The diaphragm contracts (moves down), and thoracic volume increases.

How does the pressure inside the lungs (P_{lungs}) relate to atmospheric pressure (P_{atm}) during inspiration?

P_{lungs} < P_{atm}

Normal exhalation is a passive process primarily resulting from the _____ of the lungs.

elastic recoil

Name the two primary muscles used during quiet inspiration.

The diaphragm and the external intercostals.

List four accessory muscles used during forced inhalation.

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, serratus anterior, and pectoralis minor.

Which muscles are recruited specifically for forced exhalation?

Internal intercostals, transversus thoracis, and abdominal muscles.

Term: Hypercapnia

Definition: An increase in CO_2 concentration in the blood, which can produce acidosis.

Term: Hypocapnia

Definition: A reduction in CO_2 concentration in the blood, which can produce alkalosis.

Definition: Pulmonary Ventilation

The movement of air into and out of the lungs and gas exchange across the respiratory membrane.

How is the ventilation rate calculated?

The number of breaths per minute.

Term: Tidal Volume (TV)

Definition: The amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions.

What is the typical range for Tidal Volume in an average adult?

300-500 mL

How do you calculate 'Minute Ventilation'?

Multiply Tidal Volume (TV) by the number of breaths per minute.

What is 'pulmonary auscultation'?

Listening to respiratory sounds using a stethoscope.

During CPR, what is the recommended rate for chest compressions?

100 times per minute.

On which specific bone should chest compressions be performed during CPR?

The body of the sternum.

Contrast aerobic and anaerobic exercise regarding oxygen consumption.

Aerobic exercise uses oxygen at a steady rate; anaerobic consumption exceeds the available oxygen supply.

Why is asthma not strictly classified as a 'COPD' (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)?

Because asthma is reversible, whereas COPDs are typically not.

Asthma is considered a _____ airway disease.

reactive

List three common triggers for an asthma attack.

Cold air, exercise, and allergies (or irritants like smoke).

Which measurement of pulmonary function is commonly used to diagnose asthma?

FEV_1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second) or peak flow rates.

In asthma treatment, what does the acronym 'SABA' stand for?

Short acting beta2 agonists (e.g., albuterol).

In asthma treatment, what does the acronym 'LABA' stand for?

Long acting beta2 agonists (e.g., salmeterol).

What type of medication is ipratropium bromide, used in treating reactive airways?

Anticholinergic

Where are CO_2 and O_2 sensors specifically located outside of the brain for breathing control?

In the aorta (aortic bodies).

Which two regions of the brainstem serve as breathing control centers?

The pons and the medulla.

Breathing control centers in the medulla primarily respond to changes in the _____ of the blood.

pH

What is the purpose of the 'Pore of Kohn' in lung histology?

To provide collateral ventilation/airways between adjacent alveoli.

What specific histology is found in the terminal bronchioles?

Simple columnar epithelium.

The 'lamina propria' is a component of which tracheal layer?

The mucosa

Which lung surface is in contact with the ribs?

The costal surface.

The internal nares are closed off by the uvula during swallowing. What is the anatomical term for the external openings of the nose?

External nares

The thyrohyoid membrane connects the thyroid cartilage to which bone?

The hyoid bone.

What is the function of the 'vestibular folds' relative to the 'vocal folds'?

Vestibular folds are 'false' cords that do not produce sound; vocal folds are 'true' cords that produce sound.

The space between the vocal folds is called the _____.

rima glottidis

Which primary bronchus is a foreign object more likely to enter if inhaled?

The right mainstem bronchus (due to its verticality).