4. Principles of Diseases (Mostly complete)

What does principles of disease help us to understand?

All of these

Which of the following best defines pathology?

The study of disease processes, including their causes, development, structural changes, and effects on the body

Which of the following best defines etiology?

The cause or origin of a disease (bacteria, viruses, toxins, genetics, nutritional deficiencies)

Which of the following best defines pathogenesis?

The sequence of events involved in the development and progression of a disease

Which of the following best defines infection?

The invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms within a host animal

Which of the following best defines disease?

A state in which normal body structure or function is impaired, resulting in clinical signs or reduced performance

Infection always results in disease.

False

Not all microorganisms are pathogenic.

True

When does disease occur?

When host defenses are compromised, pathogen virulence is sufficient, and environmental conditions favor disease development

Your normal microbiome can compete with pathogens but can cause disease when found in the wrong place.

True

What is virulence?

The severity or harmfulness of a disease or poison

How is the normal flora most commonly acquired?

Nutritionally

What is the correct sequence of events for an infectious disease?

Etiologic Agent → Infection → Pathogenesis → Disease

What is microbial antagonism?

Competitive exclusion between good microbes and pathogens where the good microbes crowd out the would-be pathogens

How do the good microbes battle the pathogens in microbial antagonism?

All of these

What is symbiosis?

Relationships between the host and the normal microbiota

What is commensalism?

When one organism benefits and the other is unaffected (usually the host is unaffected)

What is mutualism?

When both organisms benefit

What is parasitism?

One organism benefits at the expense of the host

What is opportunism?

Normally harmless microbes cause a disease under certain conditions

What are Koch postulates?

A method of associating specific microbes with specific diseases

What is the normal progression of an opportunistic disease?

Host animal → Normal microbiota → Protection/Digestion/Immunity → Opportunistic disease (under abnormal conditions)

What is the correct sequence for the development of the microbiome?

Birth/Environment → Microbial Colonization → Resident microbiota → Host benefits → disease only under abnormal conditions

What is dysbiosis and does it contribute to disease?

An imbalance of different microorganisms living together in a microbiome; yes

How do we classify infectious diseases?

All of these

What is the best definition of symptoms?

Changes in body function that are felt by the patient as a result of the disease and subjective only to the patient but not apparent to an observer

What is the best definition of symptoms?

Changes in body function that are felt by the patient as a result of the disease and subjective only to the patient but not apparent to an observer

What is a syndrome as it relates to infectious diseases?

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

What is a communicable disease?

A disease that can be spread from one host to another

What is a contagious disease?

Diseases that easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

What is a non-communicable disease?

A disease that is not spread from one host to another

What is the definition of incidence?

The number of patients that develop the disease at a given period of time

What is the definition of prevalence?

The number of patients that develop a disease at a specified time regardless of when it first appeared, taking note of the new and old cases

What is the definition of sporadic in terms of disease?

Disease that occurs occasionally

What is the definition of endemic (enzootic)?

Disease that is always present in a population

What is the definition of epidemic (epizootic)?

Disease acquired by many patients within a short time in a given area

What is the definition of pandemic (panzootic)?

Worldwide spread of a disease

What is an acute disease?

Symptoms develop rapidly but last only a short time

What is a chronic disease?

Symptoms develop slowly and stay for a long time

What is a latent disease?

Causative agent inactive for a period of time that then activates and produces symptoms

What is a localized infection?

Microbe enters the body but is confined only to a specific tissue

What is a systemic infection?

Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids (usually the blood stream)

What is a focal infection?

Infectious agent that breaks loose from a local infection site and is carried to other tissues

What is sepsis?

Toxic inflammatory condition arising from spread of microbes (especially bacteria or their toxins) from a site of infection

What is bacteremia?

Bacteria in the blood

What is septicemia (aka: blood poisoning)?

Bacteria growth in the blood

What is toxemia?

Toxin in the blood

What is viremia?

Viruses in the blood

What is a primary infection?

Acute infection that causes initial illness

What is a secondary infection?

Opportunistic infection after a primary or predisposing infection

What is a subclinical infection?

No noticeable signs or symptoms; inapparent

What are predisposing factors?

Factors a host possesses that make them more susceptible to infection/disease

What are common predisposing factors?

All of these

What is the incubation period?

The time interval between initial infection and the first signs and symptoms

What is the prodromal period?

The short time after the incubation period where early, mild, and vague signs and symptoms are present

What is the period of illness?

When the disease is most severe, correlates with the increased number of microbes

What is the period of decline?

When signs and symptoms deduce; the immune system and treatment are overcoming the disease agent

What is the period of convalescence?

When the body returns to its pre-diseased stage after body eliminates the microbe

What are prodromal symptoms?

The initial symptoms which are nonspecific when pathogens begin tissue invasion

What happens during the invasive period?

Increase in severity of symptoms, fever, inflammation, swelling, tissue damage, infectious spread

What is the critical stage?

When the signs and symptoms are most intense

Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of disease?

None of these

What are animal reservoirs?

Animals that have the disease and can transmit the agent directly or indirectly to susceptible other animals

What are carrier animals?

Wild or domesticated animals with inapparent or latent infections

What are human reservoirs?

Zoonoses are diseases transmitted between man and other animals

What are non-living (fomite) reservoirs?

Soil, water, feeds, etc

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