Anatomy 600

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

To regulate what enters and exits the cell through selective permeability.

What organelle is responsible for ATP production?

Mitochondria.

Difference between rough and smooth ER?

Rough ER = protein synthesis (has ribosomes); Smooth ER = lipid synthesis and detoxification.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.

What type of transport requires ATP?

Active transport.

What is osmosis?

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

What are the four main tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

Function of epithelial tissue?

Protection, absorption, secretion.

Which tissue type includes bone and blood?

Connective tissue.

What tissue is responsible for movement?

Muscle tissue.

What cells transmit electrical signals?

Neurons.

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production.

What cells build bone?

Osteoblasts.

What cells break down bone?

Osteoclasts.

What is the difference between compact and spongy bone?

Compact = dense outer layer; Spongy = porous inner structure.

Axial vs appendicular skeleton?

Axial = skull, spine, ribs; Appendicular = limbs and girdles.

What is the sliding filament theory?

Muscle contraction occurs when actin and myosin filaments slide past each other.

What ion is essential for muscle contraction?

Calcium (Ca²⁺).

Role of ATP in muscle contraction?

Provides energy for cross-bridge cycling.

What is a motor unit?

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls.

Difference between concentric and eccentric contraction?

Concentric = muscle shortens; Eccentric = muscle lengthens.

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Central and peripheral.

What does the sympathetic system do?

Fight or flight.

What does the parasympathetic system do?

Rest and digest.

What happens during depolarization?

Sodium (Na⁺) enters the neuron.

What happens during repolarization?

Potassium (K⁺) leaves the neuron.

What is a synapse?

The junction where neurons communicate.

What is cardiac output?

Amount of blood pumped per minute (HR × SV).

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

Difference between arteries and veins?

Arteries carry blood away; veins carry blood toward the heart.

What happens in capillaries?

Gas and nutrient exchange.

Where does gas exchange occur?

Alveoli.

What drives oxygen into the blood?

Partial pressure gradients.

Function of the diaphragm?

Controls breathing by changing thoracic volume.

Where does most nutrient absorption occur?

Small intestine.

What does the stomach do?

Breaks down food using acid and enzymes.

Role of the liver?

Produces bile and processes nutrients.

Role of the pancreas?

Produces digestive enzymes and insulin.

What is insulin’s function?

Lowers blood glucose.

What hormone raises blood glucose?

Glucagon.

Difference between endocrine and nervous signaling?

Endocrine = slower, longer-lasting; Nervous = fast, short-term.

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron.

What happens in the glomerulus?

Filtration of blood.

What is reabsorbed in the nephron?

Water, glucose, ions.

What happens to heart rate during exercise?

Increases to deliver more oxygen.

How do respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together?

Lungs oxygenate blood; heart pumps it.

Why is homeostasis important?

Maintains stable internal environment for survival.