Ch. 24 Test

Who came to power in 1922?

Benito Mussolini seized control after the "March on Rome," when his supporters pressured the king to give him power.

Government type?

Fascist dictatorship: one-party rule, no freedoms, strong nationalism, total control over society.

Blackshirts?

Paramilitary group that used violence, intimidation, and fear to eliminate political opponents and help Mussolini rise to power.

Who was Adolf Hitler?

Leader of the Nazi Party who became dictator of Germany in 1933 and aimed to expand German territory and create a racially "pure" state.

1923 Munich event?

Beer Hall Putsch: Hitler attempted to overthrow the German government; it failed and he was imprisoned, where he gained publicity.

His book?

Mein Kampf outlined his beliefs in anti-Semitism, Aryan superiority, and expansion (Lebensraum).

Government type?

Totalitarian fascist state: complete control over politics, media, economy, and personal life.

Fascism?

Extreme right-wing system emphasizing dictatorship, nationalism, militarism, and suppression of opposition.

"Superior race"?

Aryan (Hitler believed Germans were racially superior).

1936?

Remilitarized the Rhineland, violating the Treaty of Versailles.

March 1938?

Annexed Austria (Anschluss), uniting German-speaking people under Nazi control.

Sudetenland?

Sudetenland; Hitler demanded and took it, claiming to protect ethnic Germans.

Munich Conference (1938)?

Britain and France, practicing appeasement, allowed Hitler to take the Sudetenland to avoid war, but it encouraged further aggression.

Tripartite Pact (1940)?

Agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan to support each other militarily.

Axis Powers?

Germany, Italy, Japan alliance.

Operation Sea Lion?

Planned German invasion of Great Britain that never happened due to British resistance.

Dec 11, 1941?

Germany and Italy declared war on the United States after Pearl Harbor.

Maginot Line?

Massive system of forts and defenses along France's border with Germany, which Germany bypassed by invading through Belgium.

June 1940?

France was quickly defeated by Germany using blitzkrieg tactics.

Vichy France?

A puppet government in southern France that cooperated with Nazi Germany.

Leader after Lenin?

Joseph Stalin, who ruled with extreme control and fear.

Government type?

Communist totalitarian state: government owned all property and controlled the economy.

Communism on scale?

Far left (opposite of fascism, but both were authoritarian).

Nonaggression Pact (1939)?

Agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other and secretly divide Eastern Europe (including Poland).

Gulags?

Harsh forced labor camps, mostly in Siberia, where millions of prisoners suffered and died.

PM before war?

Neville Chamberlain, known for appeasement.

PM during war?

Winston Churchill, known for strong leadership and speeches.

Battle of Britain (1940)?

Germany's air campaign to destroy British air defenses; Britain successfully resisted.

The Blitz (1940-41)?

Sustained bombing of London and other cities to break British morale.

German warfare style?

Blitzkrieg ("lightning war"): fast attacks using planes, tanks, and troops.

1600s-mid-1800s?

Japan was isolated from the outside world (closed country policy).

Hideki Tojo?

Military leader who became Prime Minister and supported expansion and war.

Isoroku Yamamoto?

Naval commander who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Late 1800s-early 1900s?

Japan modernized, industrialized, and built a powerful military and empire.

1931?

Invaded and took Manchuria (rich in resources).

1937 war?

Full-scale war with China (Second Sino-Japanese War), still ongoing by 1939.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere?

Japan's plan to dominate Asia economically and politically (really imperial control).

U.S. embargo?

Japan turned to Southeast Asia for oil and resources.

Dec 7-8, 1941?

Attacked Pearl Harbor and European colonies in Southeast Asia.

Phony War?

Period (1939-1940) where little actual fighting occurred after Poland was invaded.

April-May 1940?

Germany conquered Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

Dunkirk?

Dunkirk where Allied troops were rescued by ships during a massive evacuation.

Axis Powers?

Germany, Italy, Japan.

Allied Powers (major)?

Britain, France, Soviet Union, United States.

President?

Franklin D. Roosevelt

1920s-30s policy?

Isolationism (avoiding foreign conflicts).

Neutrality Acts?

Laws banning arms sales and loans to countries at war.

Cash and carry?

Allowed Allies to buy goods if they paid cash and transported them themselves.

After Poland invaded?

U.S. began supporting Britain and France with supplies.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)?

U.S. could lend or lease war supplies to Allied nations without immediate payment.

Aid to USSR?

Yes, after Germany invaded in 1941.

Dec 7, 1941?

Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, destroying ships and killing over 2,400 Americans.

Dec 8?

Congress declared war on Japan.

Famous quote?

"A date which will live in infamy."