Core Subject Questions: Science

C) more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

Which of the following is the most likely cause of increasing average global temperatures?

A) acid rain due to increased air pollution B) increases in forest fires C) more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere D) melting glaciers

C) stratosphere

The layer of the atmosphere right above the troposphere is called the

A) thermosphere B) ionosphere C) stratosphere D) mesosphere

B) What is soil made of?

Ms. Solokov's fourth-grade class has come up with a list of possible investigation questions about soil. Which of the following questions is most likely to lead to a fruitful introductory student investigation about soil, with the possibility of a follow-up question about "how soils form"?

A) How many worms live in soil? B) What is soil made of? C) Why do plants need soil to grow? D) How wet is soil?

C) Having the meteorologist bring and demonstrate a weather balloon and the equipment it carries.

Mr. Washington has invited a local meteorologist to visit his class. Mr. Washington would like to suggest the approach the meteorologist will use with the class. Which of the following recommendations is most likely to result in a visit that engages students' interest in a study of the atmosphere?

A) Having student draw and color pictures showing the layers of the atmosphere. B) Having the meteorologist bring a booklet published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) that students can label and color. C) Having the meteorologist bring and demonstrate a weather balloon and the equipment it carries. D) Having the meteorologist prepare a slide presentation about her study of the atmosphere.

B) troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

What is the correct sequence of the four layers of the Earth's atmosphere starting with the layer closest to the Earth moving outward into outer space?

A) thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere B) troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere C) thermosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere D) mesosphere, thermosphere, stratosphere, troposphere

A) classification

Which of the following science skills would be best taught during an elementary school unit on rocks and minerals?

A) classification B) using numbers C) defining engineering problems D) measuring liquids

C) rock

Schist is a layered substance. It contains layers visible to the naked eye. The layers are made of various minerals and substances such as muscovite. What type of substance is schist?

A) mineral B) gas C) rock D) element

C) nitrogen

The Earth's atmosphere is mainly composed of oxygen and which of the following elements?

A) carbon dioxide B) helium C) nitrogen D) hydrogen

C) immediately above the stratosphere

Where is the stratopause in the layers of the atmosphere?

A) at the ozone layer in the stratosphere B) immediately below the stratosphere C) immediately above the stratosphere D) throughout the stratosphere

B) The importance of repeatability in science.

A teacher tells the following true story to her fifth-grade class. "Some scientists in Utah had made a wonderful discovery! They discovered a source of huge amounts of cheap energy that was easy to produce. They performed experiments, analyzed their data, and published their results. Scientists at research centers all over the world tried to do the experiments in their own labs, but there was a problem: no one could get the same results as the original scientists. The original results could not be reproduced and eventually their conclusions were rejected. Their experiment had not worked in any other lab, and no cheap and abundant energy source was developed." Of the following choices, which concept is she most likely preparing to teach?

A) The embarrassment scientists must face when they are wrong. B) The importance of repeatability in science. C) The need to perform investigations in science. D) The reliability of communication in science.

D) having students draw an abstract drawing, documenting each step, then passing the directions to another student to recreate the abstract drawing using only what was written

Students were learning scientific procedural design and record keeping in the laboratory, focusing on writing clear, concise directions. Of the following techniques, which is the best use of peer review to assess repeatability?

A) giving students a quiz on laboratory documentation, then having students grade each other's quizzes having students write procedures for a lab in their laboratory notebook, then submitting it to their teacher for grading C) having students collaborate to create a list of the important characteristics of clear, concise direction D) having students draw an abstract drawing, documenting each step, then passing the directions to another student to recreate the abstract drawing using only what was written

C) Independent: mass; Dependent: time

A student makes a hypothesis that the period of a pendulum depends upon the hanging weight. The student is provided with string attached to the ceiling, several masses, a ruler, and a stopwatch. The student sets up the pendulum and starts its motion, measuring the time for 10 full cycles. What should be the independent and dependent variables to correctly test the hypothesis?

A) Independent: time; Dependent: mass B) Independent: mass; Dependent: length of the string C) Independent: mass; Dependent: time D) Independent: time; Dependent: length of the string

B) expressing thoughts about what doubling the amount of vinegar would do the eruption

Students in Mr. Fritz's class are experimenting with papier-mache volcanoes that "erupt" when vinegar mixes with baking soda. Which of the following activities best helps the students practice the process skill of predicting?

A) using prior knowledge about acids and bases to suggest why the volcano erupts B) expressing thoughts about what doubling the amount of vinegar would do the eruption C) deciding whether the volcano is more like a shield volcano or a pyroclastic volcano D) watching the volcano erupt and then describing what happened

B) limit the answers to one or two traits (i.e. eye color and fur color)

As an introduction to traits and inheritance in a 3rd-grade class, a teacher asks small groups of students to discuss the differences in traits in a photo of kittens and their parents. Which of the following instructions would enhance the purpose of this task?

A) ask students to identify traits in puppies and birds in addition to kittens B) limit the answers to one or two traits (i.e. eye color and fur color) C) direct students to investigate what kitten eat and drink D) ask one group of students to identify traits and share them with the class

B) explore

In a science center, students who stand in front of a wall when a light flashes will see a picture of their shadow on the wall afterward. Which phase of the 5E model is being implemented in this activity?

A) explain B) explore C) elaborate D) engage

D) Placing a second seedling in the back of the class with indirect light and another seedling in a closet with no light.

A second-grade teacher is beginning a unit about photosynthesis. She places a seedling by the window, and throughout the unit, students observe its growth. They notice that the side that gets more sun has grown more leaves and hypothesize that this plant grows fastest in areas where it gets the most direct sunlight. How might this exercise be altered to make it a scientific experiment rather than a chance for observation?

A) Having the students plot the plant's growth on a chart. B) Introducing another seedling of a different species. C) Giving each student a seedling to raise. D) Placing a second seedling in the back of the class with indirect light and another seedling in a closet with no light.

A) Have students stand in a circle and give them each a different-colored ball of yarn, with each color representing a species. Have them toss the balls of yarn to one another until they create a large knot. Ask them to try to untangle the knot.

Which of the following activities would be effective during the engagement stage of the 5E Model of Instruction during a lesson on the interdependence of organisms?

A) Have students stand in a circle and give them each a different-colored ball of yarn, with each color representing a species. Have them toss the balls of yarn to one another until they create a large knot. Ask them to try to untangle the knot. B) Give students a pop quiz over the interdependence of organisms. Be sure to include at least one essay question in which students must give examples. C) Ask students to make a shadow-box model of an ecosystem. Require students to include at least three species that interact with one another. D) Ask students to draw a web showing how species in an ecosystem rely on each other. Give each student five vocabulary words they must use in their drawing.

C) Who do red objects look red?

Inquiry-based instruction starts with a guiding question. Of the following, which is the best guiding question to use during a study of light and color?

A) Can lighting change the color of a surface? B) If variously colored lights shine on a red surface, what happens to the color of the surface? C) Who do red objects look red? D) What is color?

D) walking around the room, guiding students and answering questions

To help students learn the discovery nature of the scientific method, teachers should provide opportunities for them to conduct experiments to practice the steps. Which of the following is the best task for the teacher during this experimentation process?

A) cleaning up after students B) grading lab reports in order to give prompt feedback C) designing a new, better experiment for the students to conduct the next day D) walking around the room, guiding students and answering questions

A) melting

Water in nature can exist as ice, liquid, or vapor. Which of the following processes requires the absorption of heat?

A) melting B) deposition C) freezing D) condensation

C) low electrical and thermal conductivity, along with moderate flexibility to avoid breaking during shaping

A designer is choosing a material for the outer casing of a new pair of wireless headphones. The casing should not conduct electricity or heat easily. It should also be able to bend slightly during manufacturing without cracking. Which of the following material properties are most important and why?

A) high conductivity to help headphone casings transfer electricity for better sound B) high thermal conductivity to allow the casing to quickly transfer heat away from the electronics C) low electrical and thermal conductivity, along with moderate flexibility to avoid breaking during shaping D) low flexibility to make the materials easier to shape

B) flammability

Which of the following is a chemical property?

A) density B) flammability C) freezing point D) hardness

B) the separation of water using electrolysis

Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?

A) the separation of salt and water using evaporation B) the separation of water using electrolysis C) the separation of iron and sand using a magnet D) the separation of sand and water using filtration

A) neutron, electron, proton

What are the three main components of the smallest unit of an element that retains all of the properties of that element?

A) neutron, electron, proton B) nucleus, proton, electron C) atom, molecule, compound D) orbital, electron, neutron

A) H₂O (water)

Which of the following is an example of a molecule?

A) H₂O (water) B) NaCl (salt) C) Ne (neon) D) None of the above are molecules.

D) Groups of two or more different elements held together by ionic or molecular bonds.

Which of the following describes a compound?

A) Electrically neutral particles made of two or more atoms joined together by molecular bonds. B) Atoms of a single element joined together by ionic or molecular bonds. C) Atoms that are mixed together without a chemical bond. D) Groups of two or more different elements held together by ionic or molecular bonds.

A) blood

Which of the following is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?

A) blood B) liquid nitrogen C) sugar cube D) steel

C) an element

Nitrogen gas, N2, is classified as which of the following?

A) a salt B) a compound C) an element D) a solvent

D) density

Which of the following physical properties drives the movement of air masses in a weather system?

A) permeability B) boiling point C) polarity D) density

D) Have students go outside to observe clouds and use a phone camera to take pictures of a type of cloud that was previously discussed in the classroom.

During a unit on Earth and space, Ms. Bosshardt wants her students to work on recognizing patterns by observing, describing, and illustrating clouds. Which of the following is the best way to incorporate technology into this lesson?

A) Have students observe pictures of clouds on the internet, discuss with a partner what each cloud looks like, and then draw each type of cloud in their notebooks. B) After a class discussion of clouds and the weather they bring, have students look at the types of clouds in the sky and use thermometers to measure the outside temperature. C) Demonstrate the formation of a cloud in a bottle while measuring the temperature of the air inside the bottle with a digital thermometer. D) Have students go outside to observe clouds and use a phone camera to take pictures of a type of cloud that was previously discussed in the classroom.

C) The teacher has asked the students to compare and contrast plants and animals.

In which of the following assignments would students most likely find the Venn diagram to be a useful tool in organizing their information?

A) The teacher has asked the students to recite the location of all the safety equipment in the classroom. B) The teacher has asked the students to write a hypothesis for an experimental lab. C) The teacher has asked the students to compare and contrast plants and animals. D) The teacher has asked the students to record which foods they ate in the last 24 hours.

A) Use a variety of activities and assessment strategies to address multiple learning styles.

Mrs. Redeagle would like to incorporate activities that meet the needs of all the students in her class. Which of the following would be the most beneficial for Mrs. Redeagle to do?

A) Use a variety of activities and assessment strategies to address multiple learning styles. B) Begin each unit with an icebreaker activity so the students can get to know one another. C) Ensure that the assessments in each unit feature the same question formats for consistency. D) Give students a worksheet over the vocabulary terms.

A) Provide students with rocks, sand, soil, portland cement, water, mixing bowls, spoons, and paper cups and ask them to try to make concrete that will harden in a paper cup.

Which of the following activities best represents exploratory play during a unit on Earth and space in accordance with Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) for Grade 1?

A) Provide students with rocks, sand, soil, portland cement, water, mixing bowls, spoons, and paper cups and ask them to try to make concrete that will harden in a paper cup. B) Let students play with cotton balls and glue and then use the supplies to make different types of clouds on a piece of construction paper. C) Give students several different rocks and ask them to observe, describe, and sort the rocks by color. D) Allow students to play in a park while small groups collect water samples from a nearby stream to be used in a classroom investigation.

A) Have students use presentation software to make and present two-minute reports, each on one aspect of the topics on the list.

During a unit on Earth and space, Mr. Pérez wants his third-grade students to investigate rapid changes in Earth's surface such as those produced by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and landslides, in accordance with Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) for Grade 3. Which of the following is the best way to incorporate technology into this lesson?

A) Have students use presentation software to make and present two-minute reports, each on one aspect of the topics on the list. B) Have students work together to build a seismometer and test it by shaking desks or jumping in the classroom. C) Have students build models of one of the events using papier-mâché and then dry their models in a microwave oven. Have students use cell-phone accelerometers to find out how different strengths of shakes to their desks relate to the different levels of the Richter scale.

B) using classroom tools to find out which of three running shoes has the best cushioning and why

Ms. Popov wants her students to use investigations to learn about how elastic energy can reduce an object's kinetic energy in daily life. Which of the following investigation ideas will best connect elastic and kinetic energy concepts to the students' daily lives?

A) measuring the spring constant of three different springs to predict which stores the most elastic energy B) using classroom tools to find out which of three running shoes has the best cushioning and why C) studying how NASA designed spacecraft to safely land on the Moon D) looking up specifications for three shock absorbers and picking the best ones for driving on a bumpy road

B) Show students a high-contrast image of the Earth-sun-moon system at different points in Earth's orbit and have students partner with each other to discuss the images.

Ms. Kowalski has a large number of visual learners in her science class. Which of the following strategies would best help her reach these students in a unit on the Earth-sun-moon system?

A) Ask students to define each phase in the lunar cycle. B) Show students a high-contrast image of the Earth-sun-moon system at different points in Earth's orbit and have students partner with each other to discuss the images. C) Provide students with a copy of a newspaper article about the 1969 moon landing. D) Play a podcast about the formation of the solar system and discuss it with the students.

A) Start a school-wide recycling program and have students create flyers about conservation to encourage participation.

A second-grade teacher is teaching students about conserving resources and recycling household materials in accordance with the grade-level standards. Which of the following learning activities best aligns with the teacher's goal?

A) Start a school-wide recycling program and have students create flyers about conservation to encourage participation. B) Watch a documentary on recycling systems around the world and compare them to those in the local community. C) Write a class letter thanking the mayor for starting a recycling program in the city last year. Visit a local park to pick up trash, return to the classroom, and separate it into recyclable and non-recyclable items.

B) digital thermometer D) their own senses

A kindergarten class is learning about daily weather changes in a unit on Earth and space in accordance with Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) for Grade K. Which of the following weather tools are age-appropriate for use by kindergarteners during an investigation of the weather? Select all answers that apply.

A) sling psychrometer B) digital thermometer C) barometer D) their own senses

B) providing tables and pictures defining new vocabulary

Which of the following will best help an English language learner (ELL) student succeed in a science class?

A) sending the student to study hall when they seem confused B) providing tables and pictures defining new vocabulary C) translating all reading and writing assignments into the student's native language D) simplifying assignments by crossing out every other question

C) a test featuring a variety of questioning methods

A science teacher would like to determine students' understanding at the end of a unit. Which of the following activities would be best suited for this purpose?

A) a free-write activity after an experiment B) a K-W-L activity after an introductory video clip C) a test featuring a variety of questioning methods D) a lab report

C) Have students partner up and create a Venn diagram for mitosis and meiosis.

A teacher would like to assess students' understanding of the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis. Which of the following would be the most effective way to do this?

A) Ask each student to create a pipe cleaner model of a different stage of cell division. B) Show a video about mitosis, followed immediately by a video about mitosis, then ask students to state the differences. C) Have students partner up and create a Venn diagram for mitosis and meiosis. Make a model of the cell and show students where the chromosomes are at each stage of mitosis and meiosis.

D) summative assessment.

The semester exam administered to students at the end of the term is considered to be a:

A) mini-assessment. B) formative assessment. C) pre-assessment. D) summative assessment.

B) Students can choose their own topics of study if they are not specified in the rubric.

Which of the following is the most important benefit of using a single general rubric for many assignments rather than using a new rubric for each assignment?

A) Students can choose their own topics of study if they are not specified in the rubric. B) Students can choose their own topics of study if they are not specified in the rubric. C) Students can copy their own previous work on new assignments. D) After a few assignments, students will no longer have to read the rubric.

B) formative assessment

In the middle of a unit on lunar cycles, Mr. Rice hands out drawing paper and gives his students the following task: A new moon is always high in the sky at noon. Use what you know about the positions of the sun, moon, and Earth during a new moon to draw a diagram to show why a new moon is in the sky at noon. After the students finished their drawings, Mr. Rice looked at them before he planned the next unit in the lesson. Mr. Rice used this activity as which of the following?

A) pretest B) formative assessment C) placement exam D) summative assessment

A) creating a graphic organizer, cooperative learning activities, and a foldable

Which of the following is a list of ideas for formative assessment?

A) creating a graphic organizer, cooperative learning activities, and a foldable B) computer-generated checklist of concepts to be learned C) reading the chapter and underlining key words D) chapter test, benchmark, and six weeks test

A) Formative assessments measure what students know along the way.

Which of the following statements best describes a formative assessment?

A) Formative assessments measure what students know along the way. B) Formative assessments are given at the end of each year. C) Formative assessments measure what students know at the end of a unit. D) Formative assessments are given at the end of the grading period.

B) Have students in science create a graph with questions for students in math to evaluate.

At Spring Branch Middle School the science and math teachers are working together to teach graphing. In math, they are focused on extracting data from graphs, while the science classes are focused on how to create a graph that correctly relays information. What activity could be used to conclude the unit and allows for students to show mastery of the concept?

A) Give a test with the same graphs, but different questions in math and science. B) Have students in science create a graph with questions for students in math to evaluate. C) Have students use technology to create different graphs with the same information. D) Have students from the same period math and science class work together to do group presentations on graphs.

C) oral questioning

In science class, a student rarely remembers to complete homework and earns a low average grade on quizzes and tests. During discussion, the student asks thoughtful questions and participates eagerly. Which of the following assessment formats would allow the science teacher to fully evaluate the student's mastery of content?

A) journaling B) online presentation C) oral questioning D) research paper

C) Use rubrics to reinforce expectations and provide clear feedback. Review rubrics with students at the start of the project to ensure understanding.

Which of the following is an appropriate use of rubrics in assessment?

A) Hand rubrics out to students as a supplement to give them goals to work toward. B) Use rubrics for grading submissions only. C) Use rubrics to reinforce expectations and provide clear feedback. Review rubrics with students at the start of the project to ensure understanding. D) Use rubrics as a general guideline when developing assignments.

A) mass

Which of the following is a measure of the amount of matter in an object?

A) mass B) density C) weight D) volume

B) 36 meters

How far did Alisha run if she ran with an average speed of 3 meters per second for 12 seconds?

A) less than 1 meter B) 36 meters C) 4 meters D) 12 meters

B) weight on Mars < 10 Newtons; mass on Mars = 1 kilogram

A 1-kilogram bowling ball weighs about 10 Newtons on Earth. Which of the following correctly describes its weight and mass on Mars?

A) weight on Mars < 10 Newtons; mass on Mars < 1 kilogram B) weight on Mars < 10 Newtons; mass on Mars = 1 kilogram C) weight on Mars = 10 Newtons; mass on Mars = 1 kilogram D) weight on Mars = 10 Newtons; mass on Mars < 1 kilogram

A) Have students sketch the Earth as a circle, then drop various objects while they imagine they are in different places on opposite sides of the world (China, Peru, India, Texas). Have students draw arrows at each place to show the direction of the force of gravity there. Guide the class into developing a conclusion.

An appropriate learning goal for upper elementary students is that the force of gravity always pulls objects toward the center of the Earth. Which activity best piques student's curiosity and encourages them to accept the learning goal as true?

A) Have students sketch the Earth as a circle, then drop various objects while they imagine they are in different places on opposite sides of the world (China, Peru, India, Texas). Have students draw arrows at each place to show the direction of the force of gravity there. Guide the class into developing a conclusion. B) Teach students a song with the repeated phrase "gravity always points down, down, down." C) Set up a demonstration with a ramp and a car. Let the car roll down the ramp while telling the students that the force of gravity doesn't act along the ramp in the direction the car is moving, but instead points downward, then have students write a paragraph explaining the direction of the force of gravity. D) Tell students that the force of gravity always points from the center of one object to the center of the other. Draw a picture on the board of the Sun and the Earth and have students guess the directions of the force of gravity on each, then verbally quiz various students about the direction of the force of gravity.

C) You can sit on a chair without falling through.

Which of the following occurs because of the electromagnetic force?

A) A book falls to the floor when you let it go. B) The nucleus of the atom does not fly apart. C) You can sit on a chair without falling through. D) Everyday materials are generally not radioactive.

C) an object's resistance to changes in its state of motion in the absence of an outside force

Inertia refers to which of the following definitions?

A) the movement of electric charges, which causes objects to attract or repel one another B) an object's change in velocity with respect to time C) an object's resistance to changes in its state of motion in the absence of an outside force D) an object's change in position with respect to time

D) greater than 1.5 N

A pine cone speeds up as it falls from a tall tree. If the force of air resistance on the cone is 1.5 N, which of the following best describes the force of gravity on the cone?

A) zero B) less than 1.5 N C) equal to 1.5 N D) greater than 1.5 N

A) 50 N downward

A rock is falling through the air from a high cliff. The force of gravity pulls downward on the rock with a force of 200 N. The friction due to air resistance pushes upward on the rock with a force of 150 N. What is the net force on the rock?

A) 50 N downward B) 350 N downward C) 50 N upward D) 150 N upward

C) its weight

A spaceship brings an apple from the Earth into space, far from any planet. Which of the following would change by a significant amount?

A) its volume B) its density C) its weight D) its mass

A) digestive

Which of the following systems in the human body breaks down food into a simpler form of energy?

A) digestive B) endocrine C) excretory D) circulatory

A) lipid

Which of the following macromolecules is cholesterol?

A) lipid B) carbohydrate C) nucleic acid D) protein

C) muscular

Which of the following systems in the human body would you use to throw a baseball?

A) circulatory B) endocrine C) muscular D) excretory

A) cell

Which of the following is the smallest structure within a bird?

A) cell B) organ C) organ system D) tissue

A) Golgi Complex B) Lysosome D) Chloroplast

Refer to the description of various cellular organelles in the table. Which of the following organelles are correctly listed with their functions?

Cytoplasm: Creates the cellular envelope Golgi Complex: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport Lysosome: Contains enzymes to break down large molecules and cellular debris Chloroplast: Performs photosynthesis to convert sunlight into chemical energy Select all answers that apply.

A) Golgi Complex B) Lysosome C) Cytoplasm D) Chloroplast

C) a mushroom

Which of the following organisms can be described as a multicellular heterotroph with chitin in its cell walls?

A) a garden slug B) E. coli C) a mushroom D) a fern

C) stigma

Which of the following is part of the female reproductive structures of a plant?

A) stamen B) anther C) stigma D) filament

C) domain

Which of the following taxonomic levels would be shared by all eukaryotic organisms: humans, worms, and Douglas fir trees?

A) phylum B) genus C) domain D) kingdom

C) nucleic acid

Which of the following macromolecules is responsible for holding genetic information?

A) lipid B) protein C) nucleic acid D) carbohydrate

B) Both parents were hybrids and carried one recessive allele for the recessive trait.

For a class experiment, Mark pollinates two red flowering plants. One of the plants created produces white flowers. Which of the following is an inference Mark could make?

A) One parents had two of the dominant alleles and the other one was heterozygous for that trait. B) Both parents were hybrids and carried one recessive allele for the recessive trait. C) Neither parent had the recessive allele. D) Both parents were purebred. One carried two of the recessive alleles and the other carried two dominant alleles.

D) two horses having a foal

Which of the following is an example of sexual reproduction?

A) a lizard growing a new tail after losing the original one B) a cutting from a plant growing into a new sapling C) one prokaryotic cell dividing into two new cells D) two horses having a foal

A) 100% tall, 0% short

In pea plants, the allele for tall stems is dominant (T). The allele for short stems is recessive (t). A plant with genotype TT is crossed with a plant with genotype Tt. Which of the following is the expected phenotypic ratio produced from this cross?

A) 100% tall, 0% short B) 25% tall, 75% short C) 50% tall, 50% short D) 75% tall, 25% short

C) Tt x Tt

In pigs the gene for curly tails (TT) is dominant over the gene for straight tails (tt). If a litter of pigs produced 75% piglets with curly tails and 25% piglets with straight tails, what were the likely genotypes of the parents?

A) TT x tt B) TT x TT C) Tt x Tt D) tt x tt

D) 32

Some plants reproduce asexually. Bud cells, which are somatic cells in a parent plant, can produce new plants through mitosis. If the cells of a daughter Hydra Vulgaris Attenuata each have 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes were in the bud cells that asexually produced the new plant?

A) 16 B) 64 C) 8 D) 32

D) One parent corn plant contained one allele that encoded red and one that encoded yellow, while the other parent plant contained two alleles that encoded yellow color.

In corn plants, the dominant corn kernel color is red (red allele), while the recessive corn kernel color is yellow (yellow allele). If a cross is made between two corn plants that result in 50% of the offspring plants expressing the red kernel color and the other 50% expressing the yellow kernel color, what is most likely true about the parent plants?

A) Both parent plants contained alleles that encoded yellow color. B) Both alleles of each parent encoded red color. C) Both parent plants contained one allele that encoded red color and one that encoded yellow color. D) One parent corn plant contained one allele that encoded red and one that encoded yellow, while the other parent plant contained two alleles that encoded yellow color.

A) fertilization of the egg and sperm

Variation of offspring is an important factor influencing the survival of a species. Which of these examples would create the most variation between a parent and its offspring?

A) fertilization of the egg and sperm B) a hydra budding off its offspring C) an amoeba dividing into two D) regeneration of a body part

B) 5

Two fish that are heterozygous for a specific trait (Aa) have 20 baby fish. About how many of these baby fish will likely show the recessive trait?

A) 1 B) 5 C) 10 D) 20

A) meiosis

Which of the following is a required step of sexual reproduction?

A) meiosis B) binary fission C) vegetative propagation D) mitosis

D) interactions among parts

Which of the following must be present for something to be classified as a system?

A) a predictable behavior B) a scientific theory C) a collection of objects D) interactions among parts

A) crust and mantle

The process of plate tectonics gives us information about the form of which of the following Earth systems?

A) crust and mantle B) fresh water C) glaciers D) atmosphere

A) drawings C) physical models

Which of the following types of models are the most appropriate for students in the early elementary grades? Select all answers that apply.

A) drawings B) conceptual models C) physical models D) mathematical models

D) Systems remain constant and unchanging.

Which of the following is not true about systems?

A) Systems may contain unbalanced forces which cause natural phenomena. B) Changed systems may take years to revert back to their previous state. C) Systems may change abruptly or over many years. D) Systems remain constant and unchanging.

D) food, water, air

A system model can illustrate the flows of energy and matter into and out of a system. Which of the following lists contains the appropriate inputs if the system under study is a living mouse?

A) fur, eyes, tail B) jumping, running, squeaking C) blood, bones, muscles D) food, water, air

C) A=εbc.

Which of the following is an example of a model?

A) "Milk is a liquid." B) "Dogs have four legs." C) A=εbc. D) "Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms."

B) It allows for easier and more consistent communication of results.

Why is it important for scientists around the world to adhere to the same system of measurement?

A) The imperial system of measurement is inaccurate. B) It allows for easier and more consistent communication of results. C) The results of experiments are more likely to support hypotheses. D) The metric system does not relate to real life, so it is easier to use for conceptual purposes.

A) a short life cycle and high reproductive rate.

A researcher who wants to examine how disease resistance evolves in a population would most likely select a type of organism characterized by

A) a short life cycle and high reproductive rate. B) a single reproduction event in a lifetime. C) stable DNA and few mutations. D) a large size and low population density.

B) the flow of energy

A teacher briefly describes the purpose and function of photosynthesis in plants, gasoline in cars, and electricity in cell phones. Which of the following unifying concepts is she most likely teaching?

A) modern technology B) the flow of energy C) structure and function D) conservation

C) to solve a problem while minimizing unwanted side effects

Which of the following best describes the ultimate goal of a system model?

A) to determine what equipment is involved in a solution B) to explain the science behind a phenomenon C) to solve a problem while minimizing unwanted side effects D) to point out the existence of a problem

C) Solar, hydroelectric, geothermal

Which of the following lists are all examples of alternative fuels humans can use instead of fossil fuels?

A) Coal, oil, gas B) Molds, casts, imprints C) Solar, hydroelectric, geothermal D) Leaded, unleaded, premium

B) Mass of the plane decreases because matter is conserved.

The total mass of an airplane changes as it flies. Which of the following correctly expresses the main reason for this?

A) Mass of the plane decreases because matter is transformed into energy. B) Mass of the plane decreases because matter is conserved. C) Mass of the plane increases because the temperature of the fuel increases. D) Mass of the plane increases because of relativity.

A) Alternative fuel sources create less pollution than burning fossil fuels. D) Fossil fuels are a non-renewable resource.

People have been using fossil fuels in the United States as a source of energy for many, many years. Why are scientists now searching for alternative fuel sources? Select all answers that apply.

A) Alternative fuel sources create less pollution than burning fossil fuels. B) Fossil fuels are only found in the United States. C) Alternative fuel sources may be intermittently available. D) Fossil fuels are a non-renewable resource.

C) generator

Which of the following parts of a coal-fired power plant converts kinetic energy into electrical energy?

A) furnace B) turbine C) generator D) condenser

A) mixing vinegar and baking soda to inflate a balloon

Which of the following activities demonstrates the use of chemical energy?

A) mixing vinegar and baking soda to inflate a balloon B) heating water to measure its boiling point C) stirring a sugar solution to help it dissolve faster D) rolling a ball down a ramp to measure its speed

C) light energy to mechanical energy

A solar panel is mounted on top of a toy car and connected to a small motor that propels the car forward. Which of the following energy transformations takes place when the car is moving?

A) mechanical energy to electrical energy B) electrical energy to light energy C) light energy to mechanical energy D) chemical energy to mechanical energy

D) organic matter

Which of the following must be present in large quantities in order for fossil fuels to be created?

A) coal B) pollutants C) carbon dioxide D) organic matter

D) a greater thermal energy but a lower temperature.

Compared with the thermal energy and temperature of a baked potato just out of the oven, an olympic-sized swimming pool has:

A) a lower thermal energy but a higher temperature. B) a greater thermal energy and a higher temperature. C) a lower thermal energy and lower temperature. D) a greater thermal energy but a lower temperature.

D) A population of weeds produces more herbicide-resistant plants after many growing seasons.

About 1.7 million years ago, a series of volcanic eruptions in the American southwest caused pockets of lava rock to appear in the desert. Around this time, the numbers of dark-colored rock pocket mice increased in this ecosystem, and the numbers of the light-colored rock pocket mice decreased. Which of the following provides the most likely explanation for this change in the population?

A) The light-colored mice were frightened by the volcanoes and moved into the surrounding mountains, leaving dark-colored mice behind. B) The light-colored mice started to give birth to darker-colored offspring. C) A group of trees in a forest grows taller during a period of abundant rainfall. D) A population of weeds produces more herbicide-resistant plants after many growing seasons.

A) deep taproot

Which of the following adaptations best ensures that a plant survives in a dry climate?

A) deep taproot B) many broad leaves C) air pockets inside the stems D) colorful flowers

D) No, because melanoma is a mutation of a body cell.

Melanoma is a DNA mutation that causes cancer and often starts on the skin. About 10% of melanomas are caused by inherited mutations, but the majority are caused by the sun or other radiation damage. If a woman without the hereditary mutation developed and survived melanoma before she reached child-bearing age, would she be likely to pass the melanoma to her offspring?

A) No, because she was cured before bearing children. B) Yes, because cell mutations are always passed to offspring. C) Yes, because melanoma mutates all of the cells in the body. D) No, because melanoma is a mutation of a body cell.

B) Mutations for waxy leaves were passed from parent plants that survived better in dry conditions.

In desert plants, waxy leaves are common because they help prevent water loss. Which of the following statements best explains why this trait is widespread in desert plant populations?

A) Waxy leaves formed randomly and do not influence a plant's chances of survival or reproduction. B) Mutations for waxy leaves were passed from parent plants that survived better in dry conditions. C) Plants developed waxy leaves in response to exposure to intense sunlight during their lifetime. D) All plants in desert environments naturally produce waxy coatings regardless of their genes.

C) Having the students create a new organism, indicate which type of habitat it would live in, identify structural and behavioral adaptations, and draw the organism.

Mrs. Powell is teaching her class about adaptations. Which of the following activities would be most effective as an extension activity for this topic?

A) Giving the students a test over adaptations B) Showing a slideshow describing the difference between structural and behavioral adaptations C) Having the students create a new organism, indicate which type of habitat it would live in, identify structural and behavioral adaptations, and draw the organism. D) Showing the students pictures of different organisms and asking them what allows the organism to survive in its habitat

C) Ecological pressures favor individuals with traits that increase survival and reproductive success.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between ecological pressures and natural selection?

A) Ecological pressures cause individuals to adapt during their lifetime and pass those changes to their offspring. B) Ecological pressures cause random changes in population size over time. C) Ecological pressures favor individuals with traits that increase survival and reproductive success. D) Ecological pressures eliminate all variation within individuals in a population.