Dendrology tree list

Weekly tree list for dendrology 232

Betula alleghaniensis - yellow birch (betulaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, ovate to oblong-ovate, pointed at apex, base rounded or heart shaped Buds - ovate, acute, imbricate, ciliate bud twig - slender, aromatic with slight odor and taste of wintergreen, ciliate on the margin Fruit - catkin, male pendulous, female upright and conelike Habit - 60-70 feet Bark - appears yellowish-golden, peeling in thin curly strips

Cornus sericea - redosier, redstemmed dogwood (Cornaceae)

Leaf - opposite, simple, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, entire Twig - Bright red (yellow twig cultivar), raised white lenticels, white pith Fruit - white Habit - loose broad spreading, multi-stemmed, 7-9 feet tall by 10 feet wide, suckering

Gymnocladus dioicus - kentucky coffeetree (fabaceae)

Leaf - alternate, bipinnately compound, to 36” long by 24’ wide Buds - large leaf scar, terminal absent, laterals small Twig - very stout, brown or slightly greenish, glabrous to slightly velvety Fruit - Pod, reddish brown, 5-10” long, 1 1/2- 2” wide, contains large blackish brown seeds Habit - 60-75’ by 40-50’ wide Flowers - greenish white

Quercus macrocarpa - Bur Oak (fagaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, rounded lobes, 5-7 pairs ovate to obtuse lobes, often deeply lobed at middle of leaf, whitish tomentulose below Bud - imbricate, pubescence covers entire bud, often stipular structures arising from buds Twig - stout, yellowish brown, develops corky ridges on some trees on 1 year or older stems Bark - rough, developing deep-ridged and furrowed character, dark gray to gray-brown Fruit - acorn, solitary, usually stalked, cup covers ½ or more and conspicuously fringed Habit - weakly pyramidal to oval in youth, 70-80’ tall, becoming broad crown of stout branches

Abies balsamea - Balsam Fir (pinaceae)

Leaf - linear needle, two ranked, ½ - 1” long, slight notch at apex, stomatal bands below, persistent Cones - erect 1 ½ - 3 ¼ “ long, oblong-cylindrical, deciduous Bark - resin blisters

Picea glauca - White Spruce (Pinaceae)

Leaf - 4 sided needle, ½ to ¾“ long, tip acute not sharp, on sterigmata, pungent odor to crushed foliage, Cones - pendant, 1 ¼ - 2 ½ “ long, narrowly oblong, truncate to slightly rounded scale

Picea pungens - blue spruce or Colorado blue spruce (Pinaceae)

Leaf - 4 sided needle, ¾ - 1 ¼“ long, sharp-pointed, stiff, on sterigmata Cones - pendent, 2 ½ - 4” long, cylindrical, sessile or short-stalked, apex of scale toothed

Pinus strobus - eastern white pine (Pinaceae)

Leaf - acicular, 5 needles per fascicle, 2 ½ - 5” long, slender and flexible, persist 2-3 years Cones - Long-stalked, 3-8” long, pendent, narrowly oblong-conic, umbo terminal unarmed

Acer platanoides - norway maple (Sapindaceae)

Leaf - opposite, simple, palmately-veined, 5-7 lobed, sharp pointed “teeth”, milky white sap from petiole when removed, green and purple forms Buds - plump, ¼ - 3/8” long Twig - stout, smooth, lustrous olive-brown Bark - grayish black, ridges with shallow furrows Flower - yellowish or greenish, before leaves; very floriferous Fruit- samara in pairs, widely divergent (180 degrees) Habit - rounded symmetrical crown, 40-50’ tall

Acer rubrum - red maple (Sapindaceae)

Leaf - opposite, simple, palmately 3 OR 5 lobed (usually 3), acute sinuses, serrate leaf margins Buds - vegetative buds obtuse, red, 2-4 pairs visible scars Twig - similar to silver maple EXCEPT mostly odorless when crushed, dark red, lustrous Fruit - vernal, double samara, slightly divergent

Acer saccharinum - Silver maple (Sapindaceae)

Leaf - opposite, simple, usually palmately 5-lobed, deep sinuses, silvery underneath, serrate leaf margins Buds - vegetative buds flattened, red, 2 outer scales form a “V” shaped notch Twig - Similar to red maple EXCEPT rank odor when crushed, lustrous red to brown Fruit - vernal, double samara, ~90 degrees Habit - 60-80’

Acer saccharum - Sugar maple (Sapindaceae)

Leaf- opposite, simple, usually palmately 5-lobed, lacks milky sap Buds- pointed, 4-8 pairs of visible scales Twig - slender, shiny, and brownish Fruit - Autumnal, double samara, nearly parallel to slightly divergent horseshoe-shaped Habit - 60-80’

Aesculus spp - buckeyes and horseschestnuts (Sapindaceae)

Aesculus is a genus of temperate, deciduous trees and shrubs and commonly planted species. Native and ornamental plants commonly hybridize making species-level identification difficult Leaf - opposite, palmately compound, 5-7 elliptic to obovate leaflets Buds - large, imbricate, ovoid, light to dark brown, sticky/gummy or glabrous depending on the species Twig - stout, round, leathery capsule that features a spiky or smooth or spiky outer husk and contains one to three large, glossy, mahogany-brown seeds [you only need to be able to identify to the genus level Aesculus (spp)]

Taxus spp. - yew (Taxaceae)

Leaf - linear needle ½ - 1” long, persistent Fruit - Ovoid, seed surrounded by fleshy and reddish aril, ¼“ long (Taxus canadensis Canadian yew is a shrub 3-6’ tall)

Viburnum lentago - Nannyberry (adoxaceae)

Leaf - opposite, simple, leaves leathery, ovate to oblong-ovate Buds - Naked, long, round, thin Twig - young light gray, scruffy pubscent, older gray heavily lenticelled Fruit - green to red to black Habit - 10-15’ tall to 10-15’ wide

Carpinus caroliniana - hornbeam, musclewood, bluebeech (betulaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, doubly serrated, finely branched twig texture Buds - imbricate, small (less than 1/4”), 12 4-ranked scales, more or less hairy Twig - slender dark red-brown Bark - fluted appearance, smooth, bluish grey Fruit - seed-like nut surrounded by 3-lobed bract in pairs, extremely hardwood, understory species

Euonymus alatus - burning bush, winged euonymus (Celastraceae)

Leaf - opposite, finely toothed, 1-1 ½” long, both ends tapered, obovate or elliptic, autumn color fiery red or bright pink Twig - distinct corky ridges or wings Fruit - seed coat purple, seed bright red, ovoid Habit - medium shrub to small tree, many cultivated varieties, can be invasive in wooded areas when escaped from plantings

Cornus alternifolia - pagoda dogwood, alternate-leaved dogwood (Cornaceae)

Leaf - arcuately veined leaves, alternate but grouped near ends of branches, elliptic-ovate Twig - greenish or purplish with bloom Fruit — bluish black fruit on red pedicels, large shrub or small tree Habit - distinct, layered (pagoda) branching, spreading, large shrub or low-branched tree, 15-25” tall by 1.5 times wide

Juniperus virginiana - eastern redcedar (Cupressaceae)

Leaf - 1/16” long, opposite pairs, awl-shaped juvenile spiny, pointed, scale like adult with pointy apex, dark bluish-green becoming yellowish-brown in winter Fruit - Berry-like, ¼” long, pale green turning blue, glaucous

Fagus grandifolia - American beech (fagaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, 2 ½ - 6” long, elliptical to oblong, acuminate apex, serrate with incurved teeth, retains on young trees in dormant season Bud - long pointed, ¾ - 1” long, imbricate, psuedoterminal bud Twig - slender, zig-zag Bark - smooth and stays such, grayish to light blue gray, becoming mottled, and easy to carve (but do not) Fruit - nut in a husk with weak spines Habit - wide spreading crown, 70-80’ tall

Fraxinus americana - white ash (Oleaceae)

Leaf - opposite, pinnately compound, 5-9 leaf Buds - rusty to dark brown to almost black, inset in leaf scar Twig - smiling leaf scar Bark - becoming diamond shaped with age Fruit - samara, looks like canoe paddle, wing ends at seed Habit - weakly pyramidal to upright oval becoming open and rather round topped tree, tends to be cleaner (less twiggy than green ash) Habitat - upland generally mesic sites

Pseudotsuga menzisii - Douglas-fir (Pinaceae)

Leaf - linear, 5/8-1 ¼” long, somewhat 2-ranked, rounded apex, stomatiferous (having or producing stomata) below, persistent Cones - pendent, 1 5/8-4” long, ovoid-cylindric, 3-lobed bracts, pointed buds

Tsuga canadensis - eastern hemlock (Pinaceae)

Leaf - linear, 3/8-5/8” long, tapered base to apex, 2 prominent rows stomata, persist three years Cones - short-stalked, 5/8-3/4” long, pendent, oblong-ovate, persistent

Amelanchier spp. - serviceberry, juneberry, shad, shadblow (Rosaceae)

Can be difficult to distinguish species by leaf alone, time when flowers appear in reference to leaf formation, mature plant size, leaf color when first developing leaves form, and ideally flower characteristics used to seperate species Leaf - alternate, simple, ovate, pinnately-veined, 1 1/2- 3” long, finely serrate, may be pubescent below when young Buds - up to ½ inch long, pointed, covered with scales, usually with hairy marigins, light yellow-green to red in color Twig - slender, flexible, red-brown in color, may be covered with fine hairs when young Flower - late March-June begore or with leaves, showy white, 5 petals Fruit - ripen June-August, 1/4-3/8 inch in diameter, rounded, red to dark purple when ripe, edible, Bark - smooth when young, ashy-gray with dark stripes, becoming rough with long splits and furrows Habit - a shrub or small tree with a narrow crown

Populus deltoides - eastern cottonwood (Salicaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, flattened petiole, D-shaped leaf, coarsely crenate/dentate margin, entire at base Buds - lustrous brown resinous (sticky), large 1/2-3/4” long, lateral appressed and tend towards being flattened, terminal with 6-7 visible scales, shiny Twig - stout, yellowish to brown, round, winged on some younger stems Bark - ash-gray, greenish-yellow, becoming thick with flattened to rounded ridges and deep fissures (split or crack in bark) Fruit - dehiscent (splitting or bursting open along a natural seam) 3-4 valved capsule with “cottony” tufted seeds Habit - pyramidal in youth, becoming broad vase shape with age with irregular and ragged appearance

Acer negundo - box elder (Sapindaceae)

Leaf - opposite, pinnately compound, 3-7 leaflets, variable shape, lobed leaflets Buds - ¼” long, scales covered silky hairs Twig - newest growth with glaucous bloom, turning purplish to green Fruit - a dioecious (species that has separate male or female individual organisms, not both on one tree, each tree is either female or male), female trees with a V-shaped double samara Habit - 30-5-’ (up to 70’) and often multi-stemmed or branching near ground

Betula papyrifera - paper birch/white birch (betulaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, ovate to narrow-ovate, doubly serrated, acuminate tips, wedge shaped or rounded at tips Buds - imbricate, 1/4- 1/2” long, pointed, divergent Twig - smooth or somewhat hairy, lightly glandular Bark - older white chalky peeling or easily separated into paper strips Fruit - male catkin in 2’s or 3’s Habit - loosely pyramidal, becoming irregular, 50-70’ tall, bronze birch borer moderate resistant

Cornus amomom - silky dogwood (cornaceae)

Leaf – Opposite, Arcuately veined leaf, entire simple leaf, multi-stemmed, not restricted found on dry sites; Twig – Silky pubescence on current growth, turning purplish to yellowish-greenish, conspicuous groups of raised lenticels, tan pith; Fruit – bluish short-lived birds love; Habit – Rounded, multi-stemmed, possibly becoming open with age, 6 to 10’ tall by 1 times wide, often found near water in, can tolerate drier open sites

Elaeagnus umbellata – autumn-olive (Elaeagnaceae)

Leaf – alternate, simple, entire with wavy margins, elliptic to oblong-obovate, dark green on top, silvery and shiny beneath; Fruit – small, fleshy, egg-shaped, pink-red with silver scales, bird-dispersed; Habit – large shrub to small tree, highly invasive; associated with Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Quercus alba - white oak (fagaceae)

Leaf – Alternate, simple, round lobes, entire, deeply lobed with 5 to 9 pairs of oblong lobes; Bud – Imbricate, broadly ovate, reddish brown to brown, sometimes hairy at ends of bud scales; Twig – Stout, brown to purple, angled, sometimes with a waxy bloom; Bark – Becomes light ashy brown, often broken into small and vertically arranged blocks, scaly on surface, becoming irregularly plated and deeply fissured; Fruit – Acorn, sessile or short stalked, single or paired, ¾ to 1” long, ovoid-oblong, cup with bumpy scales, covers ¼ to 1/3 of cap; Habit – Pyramidal when young becoming upright-rounded to broad rounded with wide spreading branches, 50 to 80’ tall

Quercus ellipsoidalis - northern pin oak, hills oak (fagaceae)

Leaf – Alternate, simple, sharp pointed bristles at end of lobes, 5 to 7 lobed, deeply lobed; Bud – Imbricate, shiny reddish brown; Twig – Covered with hairs becoming smooth; Bark – Dark gray-brown with shallow fissures, producing thin plates, inner bark light yellow; Fruit – Acorn, cup covers 1/3 to ½ of nut, nut brownish with striate lines, elliptical to ovoid; Habit – Often narrow crown, upper branches upright with pendulous lower branches, holds branches

Pinus banksiana - jack pine (pinaceae)

Leaf – 2 needles per fascicle, small needles 0.75 to 2”, divergent; Cones – serotinous, mostly unarmed; Habitat – Intolerant species to shade

Pinus resinosa - red pine (pinaceae)

Leaf – acicular, 2 needles per fascicle, 4 to long, brittle and break clean, persist 4-5 years; Cones – Sub-sessile, 1½ to 2½” long, pendent, ovoid-conic, umbo dorsal unarmed

Rhamnus cathartica – common buckthorn, European buckthorn (rhamnusaceae)

Leaf – Alternate, simple, subopposite branching, crenate-serrulate leaf margin; Buds – Imbricate, appressed, brownish-black; Twig – Slender, grayish; Habit – Large shrub or low-branched tree, 20 to 25’ tall (national champion 61 by 65’); highly invasive

Prunus serotina - black cherry (rosaceae)

Leaf – Alternate, simple, underside with orangish pubescence (sun leaves), oblong lanceolate, glands on petiole, finely toothed; Buds – Small, 1/5”, imbricate, reddish brown to greenish scales; Twig – Slender, reddish brown, sometimes a greyish epidermis is noticeable, bitter almond twig taste; Bark – horizontal lenticels, charcoal bark; Flowers – latest to flower of cherries; black knot on twigs and stem (at times)

Populus grandidentata - big-toothed aspen (salicaeae)

Leaf – Alternate, simple, flattened petiole, coarsely dentate leaf margin, 3 to 4” wide, nice yellow fall color; Buds – Imbricate, dusty fine pubescent; Twig – Stout, round, reddish brown becomes grey; Bark – Yellowish grey to tan with some green and orange, becoming brown-gray and furrowed; Habit – Pyramidal in youth becoming oval, 50 to 70’ tall

Populus tremuloides - trembling aspen, quaking aspen (salicaceae)

Leaf – Alternate, simple, flattened petiole, 1½ to 3” long, finely crenate/serrate leaf margin, ovate to orbicular form; Buds – Imbricate, small shiny bud, sometimes slightly resinous; Twig – Slender, lustrous, reddish brown; Bark – Smooth, greenish-white to cream-colored, becoming furrowed brown or gray; Habit – Pyramidal and narrow when young becoming rounded, 40 to 50’ tall

Betula nigra - river birch (betulaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, rhombic-ovate at apex, base wedge-shaped, sharp pointed, doubly serrated, glaucous underneath Buds - imbricate, small Twig - Warty excursions, pubescent 1st year twig (Apparently not on twig list?? may not have to know for twig test) Bark - light reddish-brown to cinnamon-brown, peeling freely, with age becomes irregular plate-like scales Fruit - catkin Habit - pyramidal to oval shape 40-70’ tall,

Berberis thunbergii - Japanese Barberry (Berberidaceae)

Leaf - alternate, often in clusters, simple, entire, obovate to oblong, small, narrow base, autumn color scarlet Twig - reddish-brown, deeply grooved with unbranched spines Fruit - low to medium shrub, very twiggy and dense, with spreading, slightly recurved branches, many cultivated varieties, highly invasive, similar invasive species (common/european barberry) has toothed leaf margins

Caltapa speciosa - Northern Caltapa (Bignoniaceae)

Leaf - whorled (typically in threes), simple, 6-12” long, truncate to cordate leaf base, entire margin, densely pubescent beneath Buds - terminal absent, lateral small, 1/12” tall, hemispherical Twig - stout, leaf scar round and sunken, lenticels large and numerous Fruit - long 8-20” pod, capsule fruit with numerous winged fruits in pods Habit - narrow, irregular, oval crown, 40-60’ tall

Thuja occidentalis - Northern white-cedar, arborvitae (cupressaceae)

Leaf - yellow-green, fan like, 1/16-1/8” long, scale-like and flattened Cones - erect, 1/2” long, oblong

Carya cordiformis - Bitternut hickory (juglandaceae)

Leaf - alternate, pinnately compound, 7-11 leaflets, lanceolate and serrate leaflets, slender and pubescent rachis (main central axis or stem) Twig - moderately stout, terminal bud sulfur yellow, valvate Bark - smooth when young, developing shallow furrows and interlacing ridges Fruit - nearly globose but slightly flattened, 1 inch long, partially dehiscent (splitting open along a natural seam or line when mature) at the middle to the sharp-pointed tip, thin husk and 4-winged above the middle, often dusty yellow looking

Fraxinus nigra - black ash (oleaceae)

Leaf - opposite, pinnately compound, 7-13 leaflets, sessile leaflets Buds - Dark brown to nearly black, lateral buds set some distance from terminal Twig - Flat-topped leaf scar Bark - Grayish and somewhat corky, smooth when young becoming shallowly furrowed Fruit - oblong-elliptical, flattened seed surrounded by wing Habit - small open crown Habitat - bottomland to swampy/wet location

Fraxinus pensylvanica - green ash (oleaceae)

Leaf - opposite, pinnately compound, 5-9 leaflets Buds - dark rusty brown, set above lead scar Twig - Flat-topped leaf scar Bark - Young shiny bark with lenticels, becoming irregular furrows Fruit - dioecious, quill-shaped, wing goes around seed Habit - softly pyramidal becoming upright spreading habit to irregular, becoming twiggy Habitat - bottomland but variable (plastic species)

Picea abies - Norway spruce (pinaceae)

Leaf - 4 sided needle, 1/2-1 inch long, tip blunt, on sterigmata Cones - pendent, 4-7” long, cylindric, pendulous branches

Frangula alnus - Glossy buckthorn, alder buckthorn (rhamnaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, entire, lustrous green above Buds - terminal naked, foliose (leaf-like) Twig - Slender, prominent gray rectangular vertical lenticels Fruit - Berry- like drupe, turning red to purple to black when mature, indeterminate fruits from July-September (until frost) Habit - Upright, spreading, low branched tree with open and upright and oval form, highly invasive

Zanthoxylum americanum - prickly ash (rutaceae)

Leaf - pinnately compound, 5-11 leaflets, egg-shaped to lance-elliptic, Leaflets small prickle underside of leaf, citrus lemony smell Buds - Red wooly buds, in between spines Twig - paired stipular spines, toothache reliever (fun fact ig) Fruit - orangish-red, 1/4” round to egg-shaped, fruit good for birds and also Asian cooking (another fun fact ig) Habit - shrub to small tree, 15-25’ tall

Vitus spp. - wild grape (vitaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, broad and deeply heart shaped at the base, often 3-lobed, edges toothed Stem - high climbing, bark typically shredding and peeling in large strips Flower - small, greenish in branched clusters, late spring and early summer Fruit - round berry ripens from green to blue/black or purple

Ilex verticillata - winterberry (aquifoliaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, deciduous, margin sharply toothed, elliptic to egg-shaped (variable), dark green above, paler generally hairy below, 2-3 inches long, veins kind of look like ice cracking Buds - small, 1/16”, smaller than leaf scar Fruit - Dioicous, rounded drupes, ¼ inch in diameter, reddish-orange to red in clusters of 2-4 Twig - slender, gray, scattered light lenticels Bark - thin, smooth, grayish-brown Habit - oval to broad rounded shrub with multiple stems, reaches heights of 5-15 feet

Lonicera spp. - honeysuckle (caprifoliaceae)

Leaf - opposite, simple, entire, ovate Buds - tiny, often three or more scales, imbricate Twig - light brown, peeling Fruit - clusters of tubular flowers, often attractive to hummingbirds, color dependent on species/cultivar Habit - woody shrubs and vines, shrubs can form dense thickets of multiple stems with shredded bark (we focus on the invasive species which have hollow piths)

Robinia pseudoacacia - black locust (fabaceae)

Leaf - alternate, pinnately compound, entire leaflet, 6-14” long, 7-19 leaflers Buds - terminal absent, laterals minute Twig - spiny with paired stipular thorns, zig-zag twig, moderately stout Fruit - Pod, 2-4” long, smooth, 4-10 seeded Habit - 30-60’ by 20-25’ spread Flowers - white, extremely fragrent, attracts pollinators

Quercus bicolor - swamp white oak, bicolor oak (fagaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, round lobes, 6-10 pairs of coarse teeth, sometimes lobed halfway to midrib, velvety beneath Bud - Imbricate, broadly ovate, light chestnut brown, coated with pale down Twig - stout to slender, glabrous, yellowish brown to reddish brown Bark - flaky, grayish brown, divided into deep longitudinal fissures rather than long flat ridges Fruit - acorn, 1” long, usually paired, borne on 1-4” long penduncles, cup covers 1/3 of acorn Habit - forms a broad open round-topped crown, 50-60’ tall

Quercus rubra - northern red oak (fagaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, 7-11 lobes, pointed bristles at the end of lobes Buds - imbricate, oval to ovate, large about 1/2” long, grayish at tip becoming brown at base, sharp pointed, slight hairs Twig - stout, greenish to reddish-brown, glabrous Bark - flat ribbon-like, gray areas intermingled with ridges and furrows Fruit - acorn, solitary or paired, variable in shape, often subglobose 3/4-1” long, enclosed by thick saucer-like cap Habit - rounded in youth becoming round-topped and symmetrical, 60-75’ tall

Juglans cinerea - butternut (juglandaceae)

Leaf - alternate, pinnately compound leaf, 11-17 nearly sessile leaflets, pubescent rachis, terminal leaflet usually present, margin serrate Buds - Pale, silky-downy, elevated (obcordate), notched leaf scar, 1/2-1'“ terminal Twig - stout, greenish-gray to reddish-brown, chambered pith dark (chocolate brown) colored Bark - shallow to moderately furrowed, form flat broad ridges, light gray Fruit - nut surrounded by greenish-bronze husk, oblong-ovoid Habit - 40-60’ tall, best growth on deep rich bottomlands, although also found on drier, rockier soils of limestone nature, globose to irregular form

Pinus sylvestris - scotch pine, scots pine (pinaceae)

Leaf - acicular, in 2’s, 1-3” long, persistent Cones - short stalked, ovoid-conic, raised umbo, gray or dull brown, falls at maturity

Crategus spp. - hawthorn (rosaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, variable among species Buds - solitary or collaterally branched in thorn formation, sessile, round, 6 exposed fleshy and bright red to brownish red scales Twig - armed with thorns except thornless varieties Fruit - pome like drupe persist into fall Habit - often small shrubs 15-30’ tall Flowers - can be showy for 7-10 days

Prunus virginiana - choke cherry (rosaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, broad elliptic to obovate, 1 1/2- 5” long by 2/3rds as wide, acuminate tip, finely serrated, glabrous except for auxiliary tufts of hair, glandular at leaf base, dark green becoming purplish in cultivars like canada red Buds - small, 1/3”, imbricate, brownish scales Twig - smooth, slender but stouter than black cherry, light brown to gray, unpleasant strong odor when broken Fruit - drupe, red turning purple, 1/3”, tart, birds like, use in jelly, jam, wine, pies, sauces Habit - medium tree 20-30’ Flowers - white in dense 2-6” pendulous racemes (before black cherry)

Ulmus americana - american elm (ulmaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, 3-6” by 1-3” wide, sharply doubly serrated leaf, unequal at base, feels kinda sand-papery Buds - terminal absent, slightly flattened more or less oppressed to stem Twig - slender, zig-zag, 3 prominent bundle scars making cat face appearance, red-brown Habit - vase shaped 60-80’ tall, also oak-like and narrow forms Fruit - samara, round, notched top, disc-shaped, fringed with hairs Bark - alternate layered of white/brown, bark is soft and squishy!!

Corylus americana - american hazelnut (betulaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, doubly serrate leaves Buds - imbricate, small, less than 1/4” long Twig - Long stalked glandular hairs on twigs, forms thickets, tolerates dry sites, excellent wildlife species, separate from beaked hazelnut which lacks glandular hairs (may have nuts for a bit when we learn it, they stay around until october)

Ostrya virginiana - hophornbeam, ironwood (betulaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, ovate to ovate-oblong, doubly serrated, acuminate, rounded or heart shaped at base (cordate) Buds - imbricate, small, pointed Twig - slender, dark-reddish Bark - grayish-brown, peeling into longitudinal strips Fruit - enclosed in bladder, reminiscent of hops Habit - small tree but can reach 40’ tall

Castanea dentata - american chestnut (fagaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, coarsely toothed, teeth ascending or incurved, a vein extending beyond each tooth forming a short, curved bristle Buds - terminal bud usually absent, lateral buds ovoid, acute, brownish Twig - stout, lustrous, yellow-green becoming olive and finally dark brown Fruit - 2-2 ½” diameter, covered with needle-sharp, branched spines, nut ½ - 1” wide, nearly flat on one side, borne 2-3 in each bur Habit - most large chestnuts were killed by chestnut blight, only small trees remain, usually from root-collar sprouts, many hybrids being planted (fruit present mid to late september to october)

Hamamelis virginiana - common witchhazel (hammalidaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, coarsely crenate-denate, basically wavy, obovate to elliptical Buds - naked, brownish, tomentose, flower buds 3-4 paired globose, stalked buds Twig - slender, older glabrous, younger brownish and pubescent Flower - in fall, yellowish Habit - beautiful spreading from of irregular branching

Juglans nigra - black walnut (juglandaceae)

Leaf - alternate, pinnately compound leaf, 9-23 nearly sessile leaflets, pubescent rachis, aromatic foliage, terminal leaflet often lacking, margin finely serrate Buds - pale silky-downy, notched leaf scar, 1/3” terminal Twig - stout, light brown to orange-brown, chambered pith light (buff) colored Bark - deeply furrowed, diamond shaped pattern, grayish-blackish Fruit - nut surrounded by green husk, globose or nearly so (season is september through october) Habit - 50-75’ tall, best growth on deep rich moist soils, globose to irregular form

Prunus pensylvanica - pin cherry (rosaceae)

Leaf - lance-shaped leaf, shiny, glands on petiole Buds - small 1/8” Twig - slender, shiny, reddish-brown, mild bitter almond taste when chewed Fruit - Drupe turns red, solitary (Mid summer to early fall season) Habit - small stature, 25-40’ tall, intolerant species, often disturbed sites, full sunlight, root sprouts

Betula populifolia - gray birch (betulaceae)

Leaf - alternate, triangular-ovate to deltoid, very acuminate leaf tip, doubly serrated Buds - imbricate, 1/4” long, divergent, brownish Fruit - male catkins borne in 1’s Bark - dull chalky-white, NOT peeling Habit - 20-40’ tall, bronze birch borer resistant Twig - semi raised lenticels so the twig feels rough when rubbing it

Cercis canadensis - eastern redbud (fabaceae)

Leaf - alternate, simple, cordate (heart) base, entire, 3-5” long/wide, conspicuous swelling just below leaf blade Buds - terminal absent, lateral small, blunt, blackish red Twig - slender, zig-zag, dark reddish-brown/black Fruit - legume, flattened, brown-brownish black, 2-3” long, often persistent Flower - very showy, light to dark pink, 1/2” long, appear in clusters march and april, before the leaves, last 2-3 weeks Habit - Shrub or small tree, 20-30’ tall

Gleditsia triacanthos - honeylocust (fabaceae)

Leaf - alternate, pinnately or bipinnately compound, 6-8” long, rachis pubescent, petiole encases bud, ovate-lanceolate to elliptical leaflet, crenulate margin Buds - terminal absent, laterals small to absent Twig - shiny, smooth, zig-zag, may have large thorns (also thornless varieties) Fruit - reddish-brown, 7-8” long, twisted, seeds oval, brown Habit - Variable 30-70’ tall and wide Flowers - greenish yellow

Ginkgo biloba - ginkgo or maidenhair tree (ginkgoaceae)

Leaf - deciduous, alternate, clusters of 3-5 on spur shoots, single on long shoots, 2-3” wide by 2-3” long, 1 1/2- 3 1/2” long petiole, fan-shaped, dichotomously veined (veins spilt evenly into y-shaped forks) Twig - light reddish brown and turning gray, spur shoots on second year and older twigs Buds - noticeable, conical, reddish brown Fruit - dioecious, fleshy covering of seed, foul odor

Carya ovata - shagbark hickory (juglandaceae)

Leaf - alternate, pinnately compound, 5 leaflets (rarely 7) Bud - imbricate with 2-4 imbricate scales, terminal broadly ovate, blunt-pointed, brown Twig - stout, gray Bark - broke into shaggy strips at ends, ashy-gray Fruit - nearly round to 1-2 1/2” in diameter, 4 ribbed, thick husk (1/4”), dehiscent along 4 sutures Habit - a 60-80’ tall tree, oblong crown of ascending and descending branches

Liriodendron tulipifera - yellow poplar, tuliptree, tulip-poplar (magnoliaceae)

Leaf - alternate, 4-6” long, mostly 4-lobed Buds - terminal valvate and duck-billed like Twig - stout, diaphragmed pith, reddish-brown Bark - smooth young trees, greenish to orange brown, becoming grayish with age and deeply interlacing round ridges with fissures Fruit - conelike aggregate of samaras, 2 1/2-3” long Habit - 100’ plus tall, best growth on deep rich moist soils, globose to irregular form

Larix laricina - tamarack (pinaceae)

Leaf - linear, 15-30 cluster on spur shoot, deciduous, 3/4-1” long, flexible and 3-angled, blue-green Cones - erect on short, curved stalks, 1/2-3/4” long, oblong-ovoid Twigs - reddish-brown, glabrous

Platanus x acerfolia - london planetree (platanaceae)

Hybrid cross between american sycamore and oriental planetree. Leaf - maple-like, alternate, 3-(sometimes)5 lobed, coarsely toothed pubescence along veins Buds - terminal absent, conical, smooth, blunt pointed, shiny reddish brown Twig - stout, round, often zig-zaggy Bark - red to gray brown and scaly near base, exfoliating to expose lighter colored (white to creamy white) inner layers Fruit - multiple, globose fruit of achenes, borne singly on 3-6” penduncle, in pairs (Am. sycamore single) Habit - large wide spreading open crown, irregular branching

Salix spp. - willow (salicaceae)

only need to know to genus level, will see black and white in class White willow → Leaf - alternate, simple, lanceolate 2-4” long Buds - terminal absent, oblong, flattened and appressed on stem, yellow to yellowish brown Twig - slender, light yellow-green to brownish Bark - yellowish brown to brown, somewhat corky, ridged and furrowed Fruit - two-valved capsule with cottony seeds Habit - large low branched tree, flexible stems forming a broad, open, rounded crown, beset in moist areas Black willow → Leaf - very lanceolate leaf, 3-6” long, only native tree willow in area, always near water, falcate leaf (sickle shaped), limber branches