science

What is the basic unit of matter?

Atom.

What does kinetic refer to?

Relating to motion.

What is a molecule?

A group of atoms bonded together.

What is an element?

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom.

What is a compound?

Substances formed by chemically combining two or more elements.

Where are metals located on the periodic table?

Left of the staircase.

Where are metalloids located on the periodic table?

In a staircase between the metals and the nonmetals.

Where are nonmetals located on the periodic table?

Right of the staircase.

What are the properties of metals?

Good conductors of heat and electricity; malleable; solid at room temp (except mercury); more dense than water; ductile; have luster.

What are the properties of nonmetals?

Poor conductors of heat and electricity; non-malleable; not ductile; dull; brittle; can be solid, liquid or gas.

What is an alloy?

A mixture of two or more metals.

What is matter?

Any substance that has mass and takes up space.

What is the Particle Model of Matter?

1. All matter is made of particles. 2. Particles are attracted to each other because of their charge. 3. Particles are constantly moving.

What is a solid?

Has a constant shape and fixed volume; cannot be compressed or poured; expands slightly when heated and contracts slightly when cooled.

What is a liquid?

Takes the shape of its container; has fixed volume; cannot be compressed; can be poured; expands more than solids when heated; contracts a little when cooled.

What is a gas?

Takes the shape of its container; fills its container; easily compressed; can be poured; expands a lot when heated and contracts a lot when cooled.

What is plasma?

A fourth state of matter distinct from solid, liquid, or gas and present in stars and fusion reactors.

How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?

Atomic mass - atomic number.

What is atomic number?

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Who is responsible for the modern periodic table?

Dmitri Mendeleev.

What are groups in the periodic table?

Vertical columns where atoms in a group have the same number of valence electrons and similar properties.

What are periods in the periodic table?

Horizontal rows where atoms in the same period have the same number of electron shells.

What are alkali metals?

Soft, silvery-coloured metals that are very reactive; reactivity increases down the group.

What are alkaline earth metals?

Silvery-white metals that are fairly reactive; many are found in rocks in the Earth's crust.

What are transition metals?

Most are good conductors of electricity and malleable.

What are metalloids?

Lie on either side of the staircase and share properties with metals and non-metals.

What are nonmetals?

Brittle, do not conduct electricity.

What are halogens?

Most are poisonous, fairly reactive, and tend to react with alkali metals.

What are noble gases?

Unreactive gases at room temperature.

What is a mixture?

A substance consisting of two or more elements or compounds that are mixed together, not in fixed proportions.

What are the types of mixtures?

Homogeneous and heterogeneous.

What are the types of compounds?

Ionic, covalent, metallic, organic, and inorganic.

What is a lattice?

Made up of atoms in a repeating pattern.

What are chemical properties?

Characteristics that become obvious when the element or compound is reacted with another substance.

What is corrosion?

The gradual wearing away of a metal element due to a chemical reaction.

What is flammability?

How easily a substance will burn or catch fire.

What is toxicity?

How much damage a substance can cause to a living organism.

What are physical properties?

Properties that can be measured by physical means.

What is viscosity?

The thickness of a liquid.

What is electrical conductivity?

How easily electricity flows through a substance.

What are electrical conductors?

Materials that allow electric charges to flow through them easily.

What are electrical insulators?

Materials that prevent electric charges from flowing through them easily.

Why are metals electrically conductive?

Because of the number of free electrons in their outermost shell.

What is an ion?

A charged atom or molecule.

What is a monatomic ion?

An ion formed from a single atom.

What is a polyatomic ion?

An ion made of two or more atoms.

What is a cation?

A positively charged ion.

What is an anion?

A negatively charged ion.

What are ionic compounds?

Compounds composed of metal cations and nonmetal anions.

What is a covalent bond?

A compound consisting of two or more nonmetals.

What is a binary ionic compound?

Composed of a monatomic metal cation and a monatomic nonmetal anion.

What are polyatomic compounds?

Formed when a cation reacts with a polyatomic ion.

How to name ionic compounds?

Keep the first element, drop the ending of the second and add -ide.

What is the chemical formula for ionic compounds?

Must be balanced; add parentheses around polyatomic ions if there is more than one.

How to name ionic compounds with transition metals?

Add Roman numerals to indicate the transition metal's charge after the cation.

What are transition metals in compounds?

Usually form ionic compounds; many can form more than one cation.

How to name covalent compounds?

Name the first element and use prefixes; for the second element, ALWAYS use a prefix and add the suffix 'ide'.

What are the prefixes for covalent compounds?

1-mono, 2-di, 3-tri, 4-tetra, 5-penta, 6-hexa, 7-hepta, 8-octa, 9-nona, 10-deca.

What are metalloids in compounds?

Can form both ionic and covalent bonds.

What is a diatomic molecule?

One type of atom which will bond with itself to share electrons.

Who proposed the existence of atoms?

Democritus.

What is the formula for work?

Work = force x displacement.

What are the forms of energy?

Mechanical, thermal, chemical, light, kinetic, potential, nuclear, sound, elastic potential, gravitational potential, electrical.

What does the law of conservation of energy state?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it simply changes form.

What is the formula for gravitational potential energy?

GPE = mgh.

What is matter primarily composed of?

Atoms.

What is the relationship between atoms and molecules?

Molecules are formed when two or more atoms bond together.

What defines a pure substance?

A pure substance consists of only one kind of atom or molecule.

How do elements differ from compounds?

Elements are pure substances made of one type of atom, while compounds are made of two or more types of atoms chemically combined.

What are the states of matter?

Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

How do solid particles behave?

Particles are closely packed, causing solids to have a definite shape and volume.

In what state of matter do particles move freely?

Gas.

What happens to a solid when it is heated?

It may expand slightly and eventually melt into a liquid.

What distinguishes metals from nonmetals?

Metals are typically good conductors of heat and electricity, whereas nonmetals are poor conductors.

What are some characteristics of metalloids?

They have properties of both metals and nonmetals and are located on the staircase of the periodic table.

What is an example of an alkaline earth metal?

Barium (Ba).

What is the primary property of noble gases?

They are unreactive and exist as gases at room temperature.

What is a characteristic of halogens?

They are highly reactive and can form salts with alkali metals.

What is the role of valence electrons in chemical bonding?

Valence electrons determine how atoms bond with each other.

What is a characteristic of ionic compounds?

They are formed from the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions.

What distinguishes covalent bonds from ionic bonds?

Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons, while ionic bonds form from the transfer of electrons.

How does the law of conservation of mass relate to chemical reactions?

Mass is conserved in a chemical reaction; the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.

What is a diatomic molecule?

A molecule composed of two atoms of the same element.

What happens to the density of gases when they are heated?

Gases become less dense and rise when heated.

What is the purpose of a chemical formula?

To represent the proportions of elements in a compound.

What is erosion?

The process by which soil, rock, or sediment is removed from one location and transported to another, often by wind, water, or ice.

What is deposition?

The process by which sediments, soil, and rocks are added to a landform or landmass, often after being transported by erosion.

What is corrosion?

The gradual wearing away of a metal element due to a chemical reaction, often leading to the deterioration of materials.

What is streak in geology?

The color of the powdered form of a mineral, often used as a diagnostic property to identify minerals.