Head - Nose, Ear; Neck - Bones, Musculature

What are the 3 divisions of the ear?

External

Middle

Internal

What nerve supplies the superior nasopharynx?

Maxillary nerve

What provides sensory information to all 3 parts of pharynx?

Glossopharyngeal nerve

What are tonsillar nerves derived from?

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Vagus nerve

What are the walls of the tympanic cavity?

Floor → Tegmental, jugular

Lateral → Membranous

Medial → Labyrinthine

Posterior → Mastoid

Anterior → Carotid

What are the contents of the middle ear?

Ossicles

Stapedius and tenso tympani muscles

Chorda tympani nerve

Tympanic plexus of nerves

What does the auriculotemporal nerve supply?

Skin of anterior of lateral surface of auricle

• Includes:

  • Rim of concha

  • Crus of helix

  • Tragus

What produces cerumen (earwax)?

Ceruminous and sebaceous glands

What structures make up the external ear?

Auricle (pinna)

External acoustic meatus

What is the function of the external ear?

Collects and funnels sound waves toward the tympanic membrane

What separates the external and middle ear?

Tympanic membrane

What is another name for the auditory tube?

Pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube)

What is the main function for the auditory tube?

Equalizes middle ear pressure with atmospheric pressure

Which muscles help keep the auditory tube open?

Tensor veli palatini

Levator veli palatini

What are the auditory ossicles?

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

What is the function of the auditory ossicles?

Transmit sound vibrations from tympanic membrane to oval window

Which ossicle attaches to the tympanic membrane?

Malleus

Which ossicle attaches to the oval window?

Stapes

What is unique about auditory ossicles regarding periosteum?

They lack periosteum

Where is the internal ear located?

In the petrous part of the temporal bone

What are the major functions of the internal ear?

Hearing and balance

What fluid fills the membranous labyrinth?

Endolymph

What are the 3 major parts of the bony labyrinth?

Cochlea

Vestibule

Semicircular canals

Which part of the body labyrinth is responsible for hearing?

Cochlea

Which structures are responsible for balance?

Vestibule and semicircular canals

Which structures are found within the vestibule?

Utricle

Saccule

How many semicircular canals are present?

Three:

• Anterior

• Posterior

• Lateral

What movements do semicircular canals detect?

Rotational/Angular acceleration

Which cranial nerve carries hearing and balance information?

Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

What passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

What is located in the superficial fascia of the neck?

Cutaneous nerves

Blood vessels

Lymphatics

LNs

Fat

Platysma

What type of muscle is platysma?

Thin sheet-like superficial neck muscle

What nerve innervates platysma?

Branches of facial nerve (CN VII)

What is the function of platysma?

Tenses skin of neck

Depresses corners of mouth

What are the major layers of deep cervical fascia?

Investing

Pretracheal

Prevertebral

Carotid sheath

Which muscles are enclosed by the investing layer?

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

What space is formed between the sternal heads of SCM?

Suprasternal space

What structure are enclosed by the visceral portion of pretracheal fascia?

Thyroid gland

Trachea

Esophagus

What muscles are enclosed by the muscular portion of pretracheal fascia?

Infrahyoid muscles

What thoracic structure does pretracheal fascia blend with inferiorly?

Pericardium

What structures are enclosed by prevertebral fascia?

Vertebral column

Deep neck muscles

What extension of prevertebral fascia surrounds axillary vessels and brachial plexus?

Axillary sheath

What structures are found within the carotid sheath?

Common/Internal carotid artery

Internal jugular vein

Vagus nerve

Sympathetic fibers

What cranial nerve runs within the carotid sheath?

Vagus nerve (CN X)

What is the retropharyngeal space?

Largest interfascial space in the neck

Why is the retropharyngeal space clinically important?

Infection can spread from neck into thorax

What are the regions of neck triangles?

Sternocleidomastoid

Posterior cervical region

Lateral cervical region (posterior triangle)

Anterior cervical region (anterior triangle)

Which muscle divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles?

Sternocleidomastoid

What are the subdivisions of the posterior traingle?

Occipital triangle

Omoclavicular triangle

What important nerve crosses the posterior triangle?

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

What major vessels are found in the omoclavicular triangle?

Subclavian artery/vein

What are the subdivisions of the anterior triangle?

Submandibular triangle

Submental triangle

Carotid triangle

Muscular triangle

What major structures are found in the carotid triangle?

Carotid sheath

Vagus nerve

Hypoglossal nerve

Thyroid gland

Deep cervical lymph nodes

What gland occupies most of the submandibular triangle?

Submandibular gland

What structures are found in the muscular triangle of the neck?

Infrahyoid muscles

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid glands

What are the 3 main neck muscles?

Sternocleidomastoid

Platysma

Trapezius

What nerve innervates SCM?

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

What are the actions of unilateral SCM contraction?

Ipsilateral lateral flexion

Contralateral rotation

What nerve innervates trapezius?

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

What is the main action of the trapezius?

Elevates, retracts, and rotates scapula

What are the major functions of suprahyoid muscle?

Elevate hyoid and floor of mouth during swallowing/speaking

Which nerve innervates mylohyoid?

Nerve from CN V3

Which suprahyoid muscle is innervated by CN XII fibers from C1?

Geniohyoid

What 2 suprahyoid muscles mainly aid in swallowing?

Mylohyoid

Digastric

What is the main function of infrahyoid muscles?

Depress/Stabilize hyoid and larynx during swallowing

Which infrahyoid muscle mainly aids in swallowing?

Sternohyoid

What nerve loop innervates most infrahyoid muscles?

Ansa cervicalis

What is the function of scalene muscles?

Lateral neck flexion

Elevation of ribs during forced inspiration

What important structures pass between anterior and middle scalene muscles?

Brachial plexus

Subclavian artery

What is the pharynx?

Muscular tube connecting nasal/oral cavities to larynx and esophagus

Where does the pharynx extend from and to?

Cranial base to inferior border of cricoid cartilage/C6 vertebra

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

What is the major function of the nasopharynx?

Respiratory function

What opening connects nasal cavity to nasopharynx?

Choanae

What lymphoid tissue is prominent in the nasopharynx?

Tonsils (especially pharyngeal tonsil/adenoids)

What is the main function of the oropharynx?

Digestive function

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

Soft palate to superior border of epiglottis

What are the 3 stages of swallowing

Oral → Voluntary

Pharyngeal → Involuntary

Esophageal

What happens during the pharyngeal stage of swallowing?

Soft palate elevates

Pharyngeal constriction propels bolus downward

Where is the larynxgopharynx located?

Posterior to larynx

Extends from superior border of epiglottis to pharyngo-epiglottic folds

What are the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

Superior muscle

Middle muscle

Inferior muscle

What is the function of pharyngeal constrictors?

Constrict pharyngeal walls during swallowing

What is the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?

Palatopharyngeus

Stylopharyngeus

Salpingopharyngeus

What is the function of longitudinal pharyngeal muscles?

Elevate and shorten pharynx/larynx during swallowing and speaking

What nerve provides most motor innervation to pharynx?

Vagus nerve (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus

Which pharyngeal muscle is NOT innervated by vagus nerve?

Stylopharyngeus

What nerve innervates stylopharyngeus?

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

What nerve provides most sensory innervation to the pharynx?

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Which ossicle directly contacts the oval window?

Stapes

Which cranial nerve carries hearing and equilibrium?

CN VIII

Which fascial layer forms the carotid sheath?

Contributions from:

• Investing

• Pretracheal

• Prevertebral

Which neck space allows spread of infection into mediastinum?

Retropharyngeal space

What is the function of the nose?

Olfaction

Respiration

Filtration of dust

Humidification of inspired air

Eliminate os secretion

What are some external structures of the nose?

What does the bony part of the nose consist of?

Nasal bone

Frontal process of maxilla

Nasal part of frontal bone

Nasal spine

Bony parts of septum

What bones form the bridge of the nose?

Nasal bones and frontal processes of the maxillae

What cartilages support the external nose?

Septal cartilage

Lateral nasal cartilages

Alar cartilages

What divides the nasal cavity into right and left halves?

Nasal septum

What structures form the nasal septum?

Septal cartilage

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Vomer

What type of epithelium lines most of the nasal cavity?

Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)