2.2 lessonn exam defiitions

Gene

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome.

Protein primer

Driving cellular reaction,Providing defense, building structures,transport materials, movement

Protein Synthesis

The creation of protein from DNA Template

nucluotides

A building block of DNA that consist of 5 carbon sugar molecules binded to nitrogenous bases

ribonucleic acid

A type of nucleic base that consist of nucleotide bases with ribosome sugars

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA and attached to ribosomes in the cytoplasm; it specifies the primary structure of a protein.

Transscripiion

Synthesis of RNA from DNA template

Translation:

Synthesis of protein using genetic information encoded in MRNA

subsititution

type of mutation that occurs when the "wrong" base is put in during DNA replication

Insertion

One DNA base is expected for another, such as switching

Deletion

One base is deleted form a gene mutation

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Allies

Any of the alternative forms if a gene that could occur at the same place on a chromosome

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

Punnett Square

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

pedigree chart

A chart which shows several generations of related families and how traits are passed down through the offspring.

Hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

Cytogentics

the field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes

Karyotype

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

nodisjunction

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.

Stages of Mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Stages of Meiosis

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

Interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

Propahse

first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase and Cytokinesis

Pairs arrives at poles and cell is pinched apart, separating into two cells.

inversion mutation

Mutation in which a chromosome piece reattaches to original chromosome but in reverse orientation

translocation mutation

mutation in which one part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

Replication mutation

Is replicated

Turner Syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.

NF1 gene

TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE. A/w: Neurofibromatosis type 1