BIO 106 Human Anatomy Final Exam Review - Face to Face and Online Sections

anatomical position

relative position, eyes front, palms forward, feet flat

superior

directional term which means up

inferior

directional term which means down

anterior

pertaining to the front

ventral

pertaining to the front

posterior

pertaining to the back

dorsal

pertaining to the back

medial

directional term which means pertaining to the middle

lateral

directional term which means pertaining to the sides

proximal

directional term which means closer to the trunk

distal

directional term which means further from the trunk

coronal plane

refers to a plane that divides the body into anterior/posterior portions

sagittal plane

refers to a plane that divides the body into divides into right and left halves

transverse plane

refers to a plane that divides the body into divides into superior and inferior halves

name the body cavity which contains the brain

cranial cavity

name the body cavity which contains the spinal cord

vertebral/spinal cavity

name the two dorsal body cavities

cranial/spinal cavity

name the three ventral cavities

thoracic/abdominal/pelvic

name the body cavity which contains the heart and lungs

thoracic cavity

name the body cavity which contains the reproductive organs and urinary bladder

pelvic cavity

organ which separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity

diaphragm

negative feedback

a mechanism which maintains a constant internal operating condition

positive feedback

mechanism which tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

the study of tissues

histology

tissue sample used for analysis

biopsy

examination of dead tissue to determine the cause of death

autopsy

epithelial tissue which consists of one layer

simple

epithelial tissue which consists of many layers

stratified

epithelial tissue which is falsely stratified

pseudostratified

epithelial cells which are flattened

squamous

epithelial cells which are cube-like

cubodial

epithelial cells which are shaped like columns

columnar

major tissues type found in the human body which lines body cavities and surfaces

epithelial

major tissue type that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs

connective

major tissue type that contracts enabling movement

muscular

major tissue type that reacts to stimuli and conducts impulses

nervous

accessory organ of the skin that secretes oil

sebaceous gland

accessory organ of the skin that releases sweat through pores

sudoriferous gland

accessory organ of the skin that contracts when cold or in an emotional state

arrector pili muscle

structure which supports the hair shaft

hair follicle

another name for skin

integument

chamber of the heart receives blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

right atrium

chamber of the heart receives blood from the pulmonary veins

left atrium

chamber of the heart that pumps blood out through the aorta

left ventricle

chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs

right ventricle

side of the heart which contains deoxygenated blood

right side of the heart

side of the heart which contains oxygenated blood

left side of the heart

blood vessels which supply oxygen to the heart itself

coronary arteries

heart chamber wall which is the thickest

left ventricle

inferior vena cava

carries blood from lower regions of the body to right atrium

coronary sinus

enlarged vessel on the posterior aspect of the heart that empties blood into the right atrium

Superior vena cava

vein that returns blood from body regions super to the diaphragm

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

arteries

blood vessels that have the lowest blood pressure

veins

arterioles

smallest arteries

venules

smallest veins

blood vessels that are the site of diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes

capillaries

blood vessels which return blood to the heart

veins

blood vessels which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

pulmonary arteries

blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood to the heart

pulmonary veins

blood vessels which act as a blood reservoir

veins

inner lining of the heart

endocardium

muscular middle layer of the heart

myocardium

outer layer of the heart

epicardium

fluid portion of blood

plasma

protein molecule that binds to oxygen

hemoglobin

type of blood cell which carry oxygen

red blood cells

type of blood cell which fights infection

white blood cells

type of blood cells involved in blood clotting

platelets

part of a neuron that transmits the impulse away from the cell body

axon

part of a neuron that transmits the impulse towards the cell body

dendrites

lipid wrapping around some axons

myelin

part of a neuron that contains the nucleus

soma/cell body

main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system

spinal cord

part of the brain that functionally connects both hemispheres

corpus callosum

part of the brain that controls respiration and heart rate

medulla oblongata

part of the brain that controls thought, intellect, and emotion

cerebrum

part of the brain that controls posture, balance, and coordination

cerebellum

components of the central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

components of the peripheral nervous system

cranial and spinal nerves

right and left anatomical divisions of the brain

hemispheres

regulates homeostasis

hypothalamus

initial site of carbohydrate digestion

mouth

transports food from the mouth to the stomach

esophagus

structure which prevents food from entering into the respiratory system

epiglottis

part of the digestive system receives acidic chyme, bile and pancreatic juices

small intestine

organ of digestion that has ascending, transverse, and descending regions

colon

first region of the small intestine

duodenum

large intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces. Consists of the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon.

middle region of the small intestine

jejunum

rhythmic muscular contractions that push the food through the digestive system

peristalsis

organ of digestion that produces bile

liver

organ of digestion that stores and concentrates bile

gallbladder

organ of digestion that receives bolus

stomach

organ of digestion that receives chyme

duodenum

last region of the small intestine

ileum

releases digestive enzymes into the duodenum

pancreas

air-filled spaces within the bones of the skull

paranasal sinuses

organs of the upper respiratory tract

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx

common passageway form air and food

pharynx