US History - Chapter 16

World War 1

Militarism

buildup of military might

Nationalism

a feeling of loyalty or devotion to one’s country or cultrual group that surpasses other loyalties

Triple Alliance

• Austria-Hungary

• Germany

• Italy

Triple Entente

• France

• Great Britain

• Russia (under rule by Tsar Nicholas II)

Self-determination

the ability of people to form their own countries and governments

Francis (Franz) Ferdinand

• the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

• was assassinated in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia

• his death sparked WWI

Allied Powers

• Great Britain

• France

• Russia

• Italy (new)

Central Powers

• Austria-Hungary

• Germany

• Bulgaria

• Turkey (or the Ottoman Empire)

Battle of the Marne

The British and French forces were able to drive the Germans back as they approached the outskirts of Paris

Trench warfare

• a major part of WWI

• This system included frontline trenches, support trenches (for men and supplies to assist those on the frontlines), and communication trenches (which assisted with the movement of messages as well as supplies)

U-boat

• submarines

• mainly used by the Germans during WWI

“Aces”

• fighter pilots that had at least five “kills” recorded

• German pilot Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron)

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a _____ nationalist.

Serbian

Britain declared against Germany because Germany had invaded ______.

Belgium

Moral diplomacy

• a policy that promoted freedom and democratic ideas and help for other countries to improve economically

• supported by Woodrow Wilson, President of the US during WWI

Pancho Villa

• a challenger against the murderous dictator, Victoriano Huerta

• he and his men stopped a train in northern Mexico and killed eighteen Americans after Wilson had withdrawn his support of him

John J. “Black Jack” Pershing

was sent to Mexico with 11k troops to capture Villa

Propaganda

information spread to advance a cause or damage an opponent’s cause

Challenges to the US’ Neutrality

• Favoring the allies

• Propaganda

• Submarine Warfare

• Election of 1916

• The Zimmermann Telegram

Lusitania

• a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German submarine because it had entered a war zone near Ireland

  • 1,198 passengers and crewmen, including 128 Americans, died

"Sussex Pledge”

Germany promises not to target passenger ships and not to sink merchant ships until the presence of war materials onboard had been verified and provisions had been made to evacuate crew members

Zimmermann telegram

• The Proposal: German Minister Zimmermann cabled Mexico, offering an alliance to help them reclaim Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the U.S. entered the war.

• The Expansion: He also urged Mexico to recruit Japan into the Central Powers.

• The Leak: British intelligence intercepted and decoded the telegram, then alerted the U.S.

Wilson’s foreign policy was called ______ diplomacy.

moral

Wilson refused to recognize Huerta’s government in Mexico because it took power by murder.

True

America loaned more money to Germany than to the Allies.

False

Committee on Public Information

led a propaganda crusade producing posters to recruit men and raise money

Selective Service Act

• introduced a national draft to meet the tremendous manpower demands of modern war

• all men ages 21 to 30 were required to register for the draft (1917)

• was expanded to men 18-45 years old (1918)

Food Administration

• led by Herbert Hoover

• gained international attention for organizing methods of saving and producing food

• was established in order to adequately supply food for both American forces and the Allies

Victory/Liberty Gardens

people would raise their own food so that stores could focus on sending food to the troops in the war

Espionage and Sedition Acts

made it a criminal offense to criticize the war effort in any way

Schenk v. United States

a court case that declared that Congress would be able to limit free speech, particularly during war time

Convoy System

US ships carrying soldiers would travel in groups (called convoys) and were protected by navy destroyers equipped with antisubmarine weapons

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

• led by “Black Jack” pershing

• marched through the streets of Paris on July 4th

Armistice

agreement to stop fighting

November 11, 1918

the end of WW1

Fourteen Points

• proposed by Woodrow Wilson

• There would be freedom of the seas, an end to secret treaties, free trade, and a reduction of every nation’s military

• The 14th point called for the formation of a League of Nations

League of Nations

a general association of nations… for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike

Treaty of Versailles

• Germany’s army would be reduced to no more than 100k troops

• Germany’s navy was restricted in size and forbidden to have submarines

• Germany was forbidden to have an air force

• Germany would lose 25k square miles of territory, which would be ceded to several countries

• Germany would lose sovereignty over its overseas colonies

Reparations

money a defeated nation pays for the cost of war

Reservationists

people in US Congress who would ratify the Treaty of Versailles only if it was amended to address their reservations

Irreconcilables

people in US Congress who refused to support the Treaty of Versailles under any circumstances