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Trophic (energy) levels

The hierarchical levels in an ecosystem through which energy flows, with energy decreasing as it moves up due to loss as body heat.

Biomass

The total mass of living organisms in a given area, which decreases as the number of organisms decreases.

Stable ecosystem

An ecosystem where the balance of organisms and energy flow is maintained over time.

Food chains/webs

Models that show the flow of energy in an ecosystem from producers to consumers, highlighting the interdependence of organisms.

Bioaccumulation

The process where harmful chemicals build up in organisms as they move up the trophic levels.

Nutrition

The process by which organisms obtain and use food for growth and energy.

Ecological relationships

Interactions between different species in an ecosystem, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

Organization

The hierarchical structure of ecological systems from the biosphere down to individual organisms.

Biotic vs abiotic factors

Living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of an ecosystem that influence the organisms living there.

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of organisms an area can support, limited by both biotic and abiotic factors.

Niche

The role of an organism within its environment, including its interactions with other species and its habitat.