evolution test for biotech

evolution biotech test

evolution

change in gene frequencies over time, change in populations gene pool, a theory not a fact

theory

well-supported testable explanation

or phenomena that have occurred in the natural world

before evolution what happens?

natural selection

natural selection

process where organisms that are better adapted to their enviornment survive & produce more offspring, pressures exerted on an individual by the enviornment decides traits that are passed to next generation

charles darwin

(1809-1882), considered father of evolution, noticed that life forms in different locations that were similar also had differences which led him to the theory of evolution (when similar they have common ancestor)

voyage of the beagle = name of ship that carried him to islands

common ancestor

presence of fossils, homologous structures, & vestigial organs confirms that species who are similar mustve come from this idea

darwins observations

noted that differences in the organisms were tied to differences in the environment

fossils

provides record of evolution, preserved remains of organisms

speciation

all processes that lead to formation of new species, in evolution tree which leads to new species, environment plays an important since it changes traits of an organism

galápagos islands

islands where darwin saw much diversity in a very small area due to stark climate differences

adaptation ex:

islands caused species to isolate, they couldnt reproduce with eachother

different pressures lead to speciation through natural selection (pushes natural selection, which drives evolution)

evolution of a species is

changes in an organism or genetic frequency of a population over time, leads to evolutionary adaptations —> increase in fitness

fitness

an organisms ability to survive & to have offspring, reproductive success

descent with modification

organisms with best traits for their enviornment pass them down onto their offspring, over time you see changes within population (through natural selection), suggested that all similar organisms had a common ancestor

all living things derive from a common ancestor, this is known as common descent

ideas that influenced darwin

geologists james hutton & charles lyell concluded earth is ancient and still changing

james hutton

proposed geological processes shape earth, proposed concept of gradualism

gradualism

where things happen gradually over time, states changes of earth occur slowly so organisms also change at that same rate,

charles lyell

believed that laws of nature are constant over time, changes that we see in earth today took place millions of years ago

lamarck

believed all organisms strive toward perfection, individual organisms could change over their lifetime by choosing to use (or to not use) parts of their body (these acquired traits could be passed on to their offspring if useful)

malthus

noticed people were born faster than people dying (overproduction), stated that if population was not acted upon by catastrophe the world would quickly run out of resources

artifical selection

selected traits based on human desire, not natural enviornment (pressure on a species create desired phenotype), commonly used in captive breeding programs

survival of the fittest

predator prey relationship through competition where only those most adapted to their enviornment survive, creates struggle for existence, darwin came up with this idea from concepts of competition, fitness, & adaptations

struggle for existence

process of evolutionary change driven by competition in community for resources, individuals must compete for food, living space, etc.

overproduction

variation

competition

adaptation

paleontology

study of ancient life/ or evolutionary history through fossils found in strata (layer) of earth, introduced idea of catastrophism

strata

catastrophism

belief that arrival/ disapearance of species always followed an extreme enviornmental event