10SCIE EYE Revision

Force

A push, pull, or twist applied to an object

Unit for Force

Newtons (N)

Non-contact Force

A force that acts over a distance and does not need to be in contact with an object

Examples of non-contact forces

Magnetic, Gravitational, Electrostatic

Contact Force

A force that needs to touch the object that it acts on

Mass

The amount of matter in an object. Measured in kg.

Weight

The force due to gravity on an object. Measured in Newtons (N).

Unbalanced Forces

Unbalanced forces can make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.

Balanced Forces

Balanced forces will make the object keep moving at the same speed in the same direction.

Biodiversity

The variety of plant and animal life in the world or a specific place.

Kaitiakitanga

Conservation, preservation, and guardianship of the environment and resources.

Why is Biodiversity important in an ecosystem?

Because all organisms in an ecosystem are interrelated and removal of just one organism will affect all organisms in the ecosystem.

Why is plant biodiversity vital to the biodiversity of other organisms?

Because plants produce food for all organism. Wide range of plants will support wide range of consumers.

Seed dispersal

The spreading of seeds away from the parent plant

Why do seeds need to disperse?

To reduce competition for nutrients and sunlight, and also to colonise new areas.

Example for seed dispersal + adaptation — animal eating

Strawberry - fruit is nutritious

Figs - fruit is yum and nutritious

Example for seed dispersal + adaptation — animal fur

Bidibidi - hooks on seed

Beech - hooks

Example for seed dispersal + adaptation - explosion

Gorse - pods pop when heated

Balsam - can explode

Example for seed dispersal + adaptation - wind

Sycamore - aerodynamic wing

Dandelion - light seeds easily carried by wind

Example for seed dispersal + adaptation - water

Coconut - air pocket and buoyant

Stigma

Catches pollen

Style

Holds up the stigma

Ovary

Contains ovules, eventually swells to form a fruit

Anther

Produces pollen

Ovule

Contains egg, forms a seed

Filament

Holds up anther

Sepals

Protects the flower bud

Petals

Attracts insects and other pollinators

Carpel

Female part of the flower

Stamen

Male part of the flower

Pollination

Transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower of the same species

Fertilisation

When egg and sperm (gametes) fuse

What happens when fertilisation occurs in a flower?

The male sex cell from the pollen fuses with the female sex cell from the ovule. A seed forms and the ovary swells to form a fruit.

Structural similarities of wind pollinated plants and animal pollinated plants

Both have stamens. Both have stigmas.

Structural differences of wind pollinated plants and animal pollinated plants

Stamen and stigma for wind-pollinated is outside, while for animal pollinated is inside. Animal-pollinated have nectary and petals, wind pollinated do not.

Similarities of pollen produced by wind pollinated and animal pollinated plants.

Both contain male sex cell and fuse with the female sex cell to form a seed. Both are produced by anthers. Both have spikes.

Differences of pollen produced by wind pollinated and animal pollinated plants.

Wind pollinated pollen is light and smoother. Animal pollinated is heavier and has larger spikes.

Word equation for Photosynthesis (use - > for arrow)

Carbon dioxide + water - > glucose + oxygen

Starch

Glucose molecules joined together in chains as a carbohydrate

Why do we find starch in leaves?

Because leaves can use starch as a stored form of energy (glucose) when sunlight or nutrients are scarce

Separation Techniques

Decanting, Filtration, Evaporation

How does decanting work?

Less dense substance floats and is poured off into another beaker, leaving more dense substance in original beaker. Uses difference in density.

How does filtration work?

Filter paper catches insoluble solid, but the liquid passes through it into beaker. Uses difference in particle size.

How does evaporation work?

Liquid evaporates off into the air first, leaving the solid behind. Uses difference in boiling point.

Food Web

Many food chains joined together

What do arrows in a food chain represent?

The direction of energy flow from one organism to the next

pH value + type of solution when red

1-3 and Acid

pH value + type of solution when orange

3-5 and Acid

pH value + type of solution when yellow

5-6.9 and Acid

pH value + type of solution when green

7 and neutral

pH value + type of solution when blue-green

7.1-10 and Basic

pH value + type of solution when blue

10-12 and Basic

pH value + type of solution when purple

12-14 and Basic

Acid + Red litmus

No change

Acid + blue litmus

Turns red

Base + red litmus

turns blue

Base + blue litmus

no change

Acid + Base word equation

Acid + Base - > Salt + Water

Neutralisation

When an acid reacts with just enough base to form a solution with a pH of exactly 7

Hydrochloric acid + Sodium Hydroxide

- > Sodium chloride + water

Sulfuric acid + copper hydroxide

- > Copper sulfate + water

Nitric acid + potassium hydroxide

- > potassium nitrate + water