Stuarts provenance key people

Henrietta Maria 4

• The youngest sister of the French king.

• She was Catholic and was in France with her children and her brother.

• A most trusted political and military advisor to Charles, they wrote to each other daily.

• She gave Charles advice before (about attacking London instead of Gloucester in the Siege of Gloucester) but he ignored her.

Sir John Berkeley 3

• An envoy/messenger on the King's side of the Heads of the Proposals negotiations.

• Royalist but sees all perspectives

• He seems to be very well informed of the motives of all parties, not just Charles.  Writing during reign of Charles II when it was dangerous to present Charles I in a negative light

Thomas Edwards 3

• In Gangraena, he a presbyterian minister set out to identify and classify as many 'sects' of radical religious and political groups as he could. 

•  The book sees groups such as the Independents, the Levellers, the Quakers, the Baptists etc as responsible for the collapse of the political system and is unsparing in its criticism of them.

• The Gangraena provoked over 30 pamphlets in response mostly hostile from radicals such as John Lilburne whose group the Levellers were attacked for respecting no political system in the book

Edward Hyde 10

• Earl of Clarendon

• Adviser to Charles I – said that he found him maddening

• Negotiator for Charles

• An established member of the Sealed Knot and in close correspondence with Charles Stuart in exile.

• Constitutional royalist – whilst he believed monarchy to be the most important form of government offering stability for the Three Kingdoms he was not particularly wedded to the Stuarts

• Not loyal to a particular royal family but a hereditary monarchy is preferred.

• He would become instrumental in restoring Charles Stuart to the throne

• Anti-NMA

• He left England with Charles Stuart when the royalists were defeated in the first civil war in 1646 and considered Charles II to be king from 1649. 

• He was one of the authors of the Declaration of Breda and became Charles II’s Lord Chancellor when he was coronated.

Lucy Hutchinson 4

• Well published poetess and author

• Puritan gentry woman

• Married to Colonel Hutchinson who was in the inner circle of Ireton and Cromwell

• Team Cromwell and NMA

Colonel Hutchinson 4

• Lucy Hutchinson’s husband

• A regicide

• He was tried by Charles II and took responsibility for his actions and apologised for his part in the execution of Charles I.  For this he was exiled rather than executed. 

• He was unusual; very few of the regicides apologised, most who were tried (29 of them) were defiant  and owned their part in Charles I's death and were hung drawn and quartered as a result. 

Colonel Robert Hammond 2

• Good friend of Cromwell

• Charles I’s jailer on Isle of Wight

Bulstrode Whitelocke 2

• He was a member of the Rump Parliament

• Cromwell's personal family lawyer

Thomas Scot 3

• Republican MP who signed the death warrant of Charles I

• Regicide

• He was arguing against appointing Cromwell's son Richard as new leader because he was against the idea of monarchy

Clement Walker 2

• Long Parliament MP

• Purged and briefly imprisoned in 1648

Dorothy Osborne 1

Royalist

Edmund Ludlow 4

• A judge at the trial of Charles I. He signed the King’s death warrant and was an ardent Republican.  

• He was a religious radical. He fell out with Cromwell when he established the Protectorate.

• He escaped arrest when Charles II was restored and spent his life in Switzerland from where he wrote his memoirs.

• Support of Cromwell until he dismissed the Rump and replaced it with the Nominated assembly.

Lorenzo Pulucci 2

• Venetian Ambassador

• Venice was Catholic and the Rump Parliament was made up of those who were Independent in religion.  Not a single European state recognised England after the execution of Charles I.

John Sadler 2

• He was a close family friend of Cromwell's, having served as his private secretary. 

• He was nominated to represent Cambridgeshire in the Nominated Assembly which shows the high regard in which Cromwell held him.

James Heath 2

• Royalist and anti-Nominated Assembly

• He thinks that Cromwell wanted to work towards the throne and make himself king

Winstanley 2

• He was the leader of the Diggers, or the New Levellers as they were also known. 

• They demanded land redistribution and set up a commune on Hampstead Heath, this was torn down by the Rump Parliament in 1651.

John Evelyn 2

• Loyal to the royalist cause throughout the Commonwealth, regularly rejecting commissions from Cromwell’s Protectorate and maintaining cipher correspondence with Charles II during his exile.

• He was a diarist.  Diaries in 17th century England were written with an eye to publication. This was a cultural trend amongst men at this time, you were no one if you were not preparing your thoughts for publication

William Allen 5

• Soldier in NMA

• “A faithful Memorial” published 1659

• Present during Winsor Prayer Meeting, April 1648

• Believed God was questioning his judgement to negotiate with the king with the Heads of Proposals

• Believed Charles is a “Man of Blood”

Gilbert Burnet 3

• He was a Bishop so would naturally be inclined to absolve Charles I of responsibility given the link between episcopacy and royal power that Charles I had fought so hard, even at Newport to maintain.

• His brother was Charles Il's physician/doctor so he had a vested interest in maintaining a positive relationship with him for his brother's sake.

• He was a royalist who used only royalist sources to write his work.

Richard Baxter 2

• Presbyterian minister

• Autobiagraphy “Reliquiae Baxerianae” 1696