AP World History Unit 8

Ming Dynasty

(1368-1644) restoration of the Chinese culture: Confucianism, bureaucracy, civil service exams, traditional values returned "Ming" = "brilliant"

Overthrow of the Yuan

Ming overthrow and restore China to a centralized state

Hong Wu

(1368-1398) Chinese leader of the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty, was emperor and put a lot of trust in the eunuchs

Great Wall

finalized the building of this in the 15th-16th centuries (during the Ming), built to protect the realm of China, thousands of workers

Fall of the Ming

famine, government corruption, and started using eunuchs, which didn't have reproductive organs, and so the Qing overthrew

Qing Dynasty

(1644-1911) last of the Chinese Dynasties, expanded from Taiwan to the Caspian Sea, Manchurians were rulers from north "Qing" = "pure"

Manchuria

ruled in China, spoke Chinese and practiced Confucianism, but forbid intermarriage and Chinese learning Manchurian language

Kangxi

(1661-1722) ruler during the Qing, "enlightened", expanded China, was the "son of heaven"

Economic Development in China

population double to 200 million people, have problem feeding -- only 10% of land was arable, traded with Spanish-Americans, no industrialization

Social structure in China

from top to bottom: officials, peasants, merchants

Tokagowa Shogunnate

(1600-1867) dynasty rule in Japan after the Shogun in the feudal, population growing but still agricultural

Tokagowa Ieyasu

(1600-1616) rules in Japan, was the head shogun, skeptical of foreigners

Daimyos

local rulers under the lord (shogun)

Trading in Japan

expelled Europeans before they could get a foothold in Japan, only traded with Dutch because they weren't a major threat

Opium problem in China

British kept trading opium for valuables with Chinese (brought from India) and government says to stop, but British bring it underground

Opium Wars

(1889-1842) started with the Chinese government attacking the British and the British fighting back, then totally taking control over China, also took a major trading port: Hong Kong

Treaty of Nansing

treaty that stops the Opium Wars

Hong Kong

major trading port in China, captured by the British

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) revolt from below in China, people wanted education and democracy

Hong Xiuquan

leader of the Taiping Rebellion, defeated and is more discontent

Boxer Rebellion

(1899) goal was to target foreign influence so Chinese murdered Europeans, Russia, U.S., Germany, Britain, and France had to subdue it

Fall of Tokugawa

high taxes, famine, inflation caused this, and Westerners showing up

Commodore Matthew Perry

U.S. naval officer that forces the Japanese into trade and signing a treaty

Meiji Restoration

(1868) overthrow of the Tokugawa and Mutsuhito put as emperor, stopped the West and industrialized/modernized like the West on their own

Emperor Mutsuhito

put in power as a boy, ruled in the Meiji

Sino-Japanese War

(1844-1845) war between Chinese and Japanese over land, and the Japanese gained some land of China (also had Korea and other islands around)

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) war between the Russians and Japanese, and Japan defeated huge Russia

Ottoman Empire

(289-1923) expanded to Constantinople (1453), key to strength was military -- calvary, spread to Africa, Arabia, E. Europe, Mediteranean

Janissaries

sons of the defeated empires that were forced to join the Ottoman army

Sultan Salim the Grim

(1515) expanded to Egypt, Syria, and Baghdad, builds strong military in the Mediterranean

Hapsburgs

developed a strong rivalry with Salim, were the ruling family of the Holy Roman Empire

Jizya tax

money that other religions had to pay if they were the minority, Ottomans used

Safavid Empire

(1500-1722) enemy with the Ottomans, defeated in war with the Ottomans, doesn't expand anywhere

Shah Ismail

(1501-1524) converted all Persians to Shia, started Twelver Shiism

Twelver Shiism

belief in 12 holy imams following Muhammed, first was Ali, twelfth was in hiding and god kept him alive, he will return with Jesus

Muhammed al-Mahdi

possibly the twelfth imam, some believe it was Ismail

Fall of Safavid

military threats of Russia in north and Mughals in the east, trade was ending around them, and the treasury drained in 1722

Mughal Empire

(1526-1857) in India, expanded past the Sultante of Delhi, religiously tolerant

Zahir al-Din

founded the Mughal Empire, was Turkish and named it "Mughal" = "Mongol" in Persian

Akbar

(1556-1605) grandson of Zahir, destroyed Hindu opposition -- Muslim himself, divided Mughals into regional areas, came up with many architectural sites

Aurungzeb

(1659-1707) not tolerant of Hinduism unlike Akbar, destroyed Hindu temples and raised taxes for them, tried to create a faith of himself

Geo politics

when 2 different religions come together to go against a common enemy

Decline of the Ottomans

no international trade, relied on foreigners, were in debt, no bureaucracy, no industry/modernizing, conservatives halting liberals, lost intellectuals, slavery still present

Sharia Law

when Islam and the Quran was tied closely with the governmental laws

Sultan Hamid II

(1876-1909) installed and used the Young Turks to get in power, destroyed constitution after a year in power

Young Turks

nationalistic group that wanted to reform and embraced change, pushed for their own Turkish state

Sultan Rashid

(1909-1918) overthrew Sultan Hamid II after the liberals went to Europe to devise a plan

Decline of Russia

vast amount of land but a small population, don't have the manpower, only 50% of the population spoke Russian

Crimean War

(1883-1856) Russians vs. Ottomans/French/British, weakens the Russians and shows the power of industrializing Europe (and the Ottomans)

Tsar Alexander II

(1855-1881) Russian ruler that abolished slavery, but didn't change economy, forces industrialization on Russia

Witte system

railroad system in Russia

Migration out of Russia

intellectuals leave to Europe and Jews leave because being the minority during Russian nationalism

Tsar Nicholas II

(1894-1917) put in power after Alexander was assasinated, last Romanov ruler, worse than Alexander (people thought he would be better), uses police to crack down and doesn't take advice

Bloody Sunday Massacre

in Russia, thousands of people killed

Imperialism

when a foreign power totally controls almost every aspect of the native people

Motives of Imperialism

wealth/resources, Christianity, migration, land, military, European competition

White Man's Burden

originally a poem, idea that Europeans are the most civilized

Tools of Imperialism

transportation -- steamship, railroad, and canals (Suez and Panama), up-to-date military -- weapons (cannon and machine gun), and communication -- telegraph and railroad

British in India

were there for commodities -- spices, cotton, coffee, opium, tea, etc., came in during the decline of the Mughals

Mercantile empire

when a foreign power comes into a native place just "for trade" at first, but then it leads to missionaries and military coming

Sepoy

the Indians employed by the British in India

Sepoy Rebellion

(1857) British don't take religion into consideration when hiring the sepoys and make the Buddhists/Hindu break the cartridges on guns, which is made of animal fat -- taboo in religions, sepoys kill British officers, but British strike back and take over

Queen Victoria

(1837-1901) ruler of Britain in the beginning of the time when British took over India, assigned the administration of Britain in the colony India

Great Game

rivalry of British and Russians over the control of Central Asia, Russians want to expand and the British just want a buffer state

Imperialism in Asia

Dutch -- East Indies

French -- Southeast Asia (Thailand, Vietnam)

Spanish -- Philippines (until U.S.)

British -- Australia, New Zealand, India

British Raj

(1858-1952) "Raj" = "reign", when the British were directly controlling India

Africa in the early 19th century

few European trading ports on the East and South coasts

Berlin Conference

(1884-1885) organized by Bismark, all European powers called to discuss the conquering of Africa to avoid war with eachother (Africa wasn't in meeting)

Division of Africa

Belgians -- Congo

British -- South and East Africa (Egypt and Kenya)

French -- West and North Africa

South Africa

originally Dutch conquered, but British took over so Dutch Boers moved upward, Zulu in the middle of the two

Boer War

(1899-1902) struggle for gold of the British and Dutch in South Africa, "Boer" = "farmer" in Dutch, British take wives/children into concentration camps, British win and take land and gold

Africa in the 20th century

Europeans devastated Africa; destroyed the cultures and people and forced European language and culture

Neo-Slavery

New slavery, because Europeans aren't holding them as property, but totally taking the natives' land and resources

New Industrial Powers

United States is an emerging power because of industrialization, and Japan is industrializing and westernizing without European imperialism

Expansion of New Powers

U.S.: take Russia and Hawaii, and control some economies in Latin America

Japan: moves into China, Russia, Korea

Monroe Doctrine

(1823) document to claim that America has the Western Hemisphere and Europeans cannot come in and claim

Spanish-American War

(1898) Spain is a declining power and only has Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as colonies, war against America and Spain (Spain is weaker)

Social Darwinism

domination of stronger nations over others

Legacies of Imperialism

global trade, transporation, migration, outbreak of violence by natives

Scientific Racism

superior races categorized, way for Europeans to prove they are better because everyone believes it

order: Europeans (including U.S.), Native Americans, Asians, Africans, etc.

Yongle

(1403-1424) emperor during the Ming Dynasty that sent naval expeditions to spread Chinese territory through the Indian Ocean and eastern Africa, moved the capital form Nanjing to Beijing

Qianlong

(1736-1795) emperor during the Qing and helped the Manchus keep their hold on China, grandson of Kangxi, maintained the military in eastern Turkestan, and encouraged merchants to stay and stabilize, cancelled taxing, composed a hundred thousand poems

Matteo Ricci

(1552-1610) Jesuit that wanted to bring Christianity to China, was popular in the Ming court and studied Chinese traditions/language/religion

Neo-Confucianism

(twelfth century) combination of moral, ethical, and political values of Confucius with the logical rigor of Buddhism, appealed to the Ming, Qing, and Shogun

Floating worlds

the centers of Tokugawa urban culture; entertainment, teahouses, theatres, brothels, public baths: escape from social responsibilities in Japan

Mahmud II

(1808-1839) launched own reform program, restored Ottoman military, massacred the jannissaries that protested, established academies

Soviets

the socialists/communists in Russia

Duma

Russia's first parliamentary institution that was reluctantly established by the tsar

Self-Strengthening Movement

the adoption of British reforms to catch up with Western Europe by the Chinese, not successful

Spheres of Influence

(1898) foreign powers had carved China itself into spheres of economic influence, Qing government was powerless to resist and Europeans came and industrialized

Bakufu

the government of the Tokugawa shogun, was intimidated by the heavily armed forces of the U.S.

Cecil Rhodes

(1871) went to South Africa to cure his tuberculosis and observed African laborers, monopolized the diamond mining in S. Africa, helped British imperialism

Rudyard Kipling

(1864-1936) English writer and poet, who defined "White Man's Burden"

Leopold II

(1865-1909) got Stanley to discover more about the Congo, then took it for Belgium and completely tortured the natives to extract resources, but lied to everyone about it

Queen Lili-uokalani

(1893) overthrown by planters and businessmen invading Hawaii, William McKinley annexed the islands from her

Theodore Roosevelt

(1901-1909) supported a rebellion against Colombia in 1903 and helped rebels establish the state of Panama and the canal

Charles Darwin

(1809-1882) English biologist that wrote "The Origin of Species" that said living species evolved from other things

Ram Mohan Ray

(1772-1833) Bengali intellectual, "father of modern India", believed there should be a society of modern European science and Indian tradition

Battle of Omdurman

(1898) British army encountered a Sudanese force in Omdurman on the Nile and attacked

British loss: 368 men

Sudanese loss: 11,000 men

Suez Canal

(1859-1869) new canal between Africa and Saudi Arabia that enhanced the effectiveness of steamships and shortened the trip from Europe to Asia