APES 14-16 Test

Three layers of Earth

Core

Mantel

Crust

Core

Hottest layer, solid inside surrounded by Liquid Metal

Mantel

Semi solid area, has area called asthenosphere which is very hot and has partly melted rock

Crust

Floats on top of mantel partly melted rock and solid rock

Lithosphere

Contains 12 large plates which are in the crust + upper mantel

Asthenosphere

Vey hot semi melted rock moves like plastics and allows plates to move

Divergent Plates

Plates moving in opposite directions

Convergent

Plates colliding with one another creating mountains and volcanoes

Transform

Plates grinding one another creating earthquakes

Minerals

Element or inorganic compound that is solid with a regular internal crystalline structure

Rock

Made up of minerals

Sedimentary

Composed of things such as dead animals/ plants and other rocks with time and pressure

Igneous

Formed when molten rock wells up and hardens

Metamorphic

Made up of pre-existing rocks that are subject to high temps, pressures, and chemical active fluids

Mineral resources

Naturally occurring material in earths crust that can be extracted for profit

Identified resources

Know location, quantity, and quality of this resource

Reserves

Identifies resource that can be extracted for profit

Undiscovered reserve

Potential supplies of profitable resource

Other resource

Undiscovered resource that is not profitable

Ore

Rocks containing valuable minerals

Rock cycle

Transformation of rock types

High-grade ore

Contains high amount of desired mineral

Easier to mine, cost efficient, less damage

Low-grade ore

Low amount of desired mineral

Takes more energy to mine and produces more waste

Overburden

Soil/rocks that over ores

Spoils

Removing/dumping overburden

Surface mining

Shallow extractions

Open-pit mining

Large holes dug to remove ores

Strip Mining

Removes layers on flat land

Contour strip mining

Digging into hills

Mountaintop removal

Blasting off tops of mountains (Very destructive)

Subsurface mining

Extraction deeper than the surface, much less disruptive but dangerous and costly

Gangue

Waste inside of ore

Tailings

Waste produced by processing ore

Glaciation

The alteration of the Earth's surface through the processes of erosion and deposition caused by glacier ice

Focus

The specific point where an earthquake begins is called the

Crude oil

Thick liquid made up of hydrocarbons (unprocessed)

Formed by prehistoric organisms and fossils

Found in proud rock layers

Fractional distillation

Way to convert crude oil into useable from

Bitumen

Thick sticky heavy oil with high sulfur found in oil sand and oil tar

(Bad for environment Canada has lots)

Oil shales

made of kerogen costs more to produce than its worth

Conventional oil

What we typically use

Easy to access

Found in underground reservoirs

Light oil

Thin

Flows easy

High quality

Heavy oil

Thick

Sticky

Hard to move

Natural gas is expedite to extract compared to petroleum

False

Conventional natural gas

Lies above resistors of crude oil

Better than oil and safer for planet

Unconventional sources of natural gas

Coal bed methane and methane hydrate

Methane hydrate deposits

Methane trapped in icy water molecules (permafrost)

Coal

Most abundant fossil fuel (cheap)

Made from old plants

Coal burning leads to

Environmental degradation

Acid rain

Climate change

Lung disease

P waves (Primary waves)

Travels through liquids, solids, and gases

S waves (Secondary waves)

Travels through solids and are slower than P waves

L waves (Surface waves)

Slowest type and occur when P and S waves meet the surface

Primary oil recovery

Drilling a well and pumping out oil that flows by gravity

Secondary oil recovery

Water getting ejected into wells to get out remaining hard oil

Tertiary or enhanced oil recovery

Injecting steam of CO2 to force rest of heavy oil from cavities

Peat

Not coal

made of decayed plant matter in swamps

Lignite

Brown coal

low heat

Bituminous

Soft coal

High heat

High sulfur

Anthracite

Hard coal

High heat

Low sulfer