Bio-Unit 3.3

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Last updated 1:00 PM on 4/28/26
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18 Terms

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Mechanisms of evolution

The events and occurrences that lead to evolution.

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Natural selection

Traits become more or less common in a population across a species due to consistent environmental factors.

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Mutation

Any permanent alternation of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism.

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Genetic variability

Differences between organisms genomes that are members of the same species and allows species to be able to adapt to changes in their environment.

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Gene flow and Allelic flow

The migration of an individual into a new population can cause major changes in the allelic frequencies of that population overtime. Example: Human or animal migration, Wolf packs.

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Immigration

When one leaves their country to live in a new one.

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Emigration

One leaving that country.

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Sexual selection

Both an event that can effect gene flow and is also a mechanism of evolution.

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Intersexual selection

One gender chooses which other individuals to mate with.

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Intrasexual selection

Members of one gender compete between each other for the “right” to reproduce.

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Genetic drift

Change in the frequency of a gene / allele in a population due to random sampling of the organisms of that species.

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Population bottleneck

When the population falls to near-extinction levels before rebounding. Example: Cheetah’s, prairie chickens, giant pandas.

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Founder effect

The genes of the ‘founder’ of a new population greatly affect the gene / allele frequencies of the group.

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Hardy-Weinberg outcomes

Genetic drift occurs and is a mechanism of evolution.

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6 Mechanisms of Evolution

  1. Natural selection

  2. Mutation

  3. Genetic variability

  4. Sexual selection

  5. Gene flow

  6. Genetic drift

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Speceiation

One species splits in two or more over time.

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Why are certain disorders more common in some ethnicitys?

Population genetics and ancestry.

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7 assumptions of the H-W law

  1. Large population size

  2. Random mating

  3. No mutation

  4. No migration / gene flow

  5. No natural selection

  6. Reproductive success

  7. Reproducing population with non-overlapping generations