CONNECTIVE

Tissue

A group of cells with similar structure and function, plus the extracellular substance surrounding them.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that covers body surfaces and forms glands.

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Physical protection, control permeability, diffusion, absorption, filtration, provide sensation, produce secretions.

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

Mostly composed of cells, covers body surfaces, has an exposed surface, attaches at the basal surface, specialized cell connections and matrix attachments, avascular, capable of regeneration.

Simple Epithelium

A type of epithelium that consists of a single layer of cells.

Stratified Epithelium

A type of epithelium that consists of multiple layers of cells.

Squamous Epithelium

Epithelial cells that are flat and scale-like.

Cuboidal Epithelium

Epithelial cells that are cube-shaped.

Columnar Epithelium

Epithelial cells that are taller than they are wide.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A type of simple epithelium that appears stratified due to variations in cell shape.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of flat cells, important for diffusion and filtration.

Location of Simple Squamous Epithelium

Lining of blood vessels, heart, lymphatic vessels, alveoli of lungs.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Single layer of cube-shaped cells, involved in secretion and absorption.

Location of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Kidney tubules, glands and their ducts.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of tall cells, involved in absorption and secretion.

Location of Simple Columnar Epithelium

Lining of digestive tract, bronchioles, uterus.

Ciliated Cells

Cells that have hair-like structures to move particles or fluids.

Goblet Cells

Cells that secrete mucus onto the free surface of epithelium.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple layers of flat cells; protects against abrasion.

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Contains a layer of dead cells filled with keratin.

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Retains a nucleus and cytoplasm in surface cells.

Transitional Epithelium

Stratified cells that change shape depending on the state of stretch.

Connective Tissue

Tissue comprised of cells, protein fibers, and an extracellular matrix.

Extracellular Matrix

The substance surrounding cells in connective tissue, consisting of protein fibers and ground substance.

Protein Fibers in Connective Tissue

Collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers.

Functions of Connective Tissue

Enclose and separate tissues, connect tissues, support body parts, store compounds, cushion and insulate.

Areolar Connective Tissue

Loose connective tissue that provides support and nourishment.

Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue that stores fat and provides insulation.

Reticular Tissue

Connective tissue that provides a framework for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Connective tissue with collagen fibers running in the same direction, providing great tensile strength.

Elastic Connective Tissue

Connective tissue containing elastin fibers, allowing stretching.

Hyaline Cartilage

A type of cartilage with a smooth surface and flexible structure.

Functions of Hyaline Cartilage

Allows growth of long bones and provides support in respiratory structures.

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage with dense collagen fibers, providing shock absorption.

Elastic Cartilage

Cartilage with elastic fibers allowing for more flexibility than hyaline cartilage.

Bone

A rigid connective tissue providing strength, support, and protection for internal organs.

Fluid Connective Tissue

Tissue that includes blood, characterized by formed elements and a liquid matrix.

Function of Blood

Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and protects against infections.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells located within lacunae of the bone matrix.

Chondrocytes

Cells found within the lacunae of cartilage.

Ground Substance

The gel-like material in connective tissue's extracellular matrix.

Protegrlycans

Molecules in the ground substance that provide support in connective tissues.

Location of Transitional Epithelium

Lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, and parts of the urethra.

Function of Transitional Epithelium

Accommodates fluctuations in volume of fluid.

Collagen Fibers

Strong, flexible protein fibers that provide support in connective tissues.

Reticular Fibers

Thin fibers that provide a supportive network in various tissues.

Elastic Fibers

Fibers that allow tissues to return to their original shape after stretching.

Basal Surface

The surface of epithelium that is attached to the underlying connective tissue.

Exposed Surface

The surface of epithelium that faces the body cavity or exterior.

Vascularity

Describing the presence of blood vessels in a tissue.

Avascular

Tissues that lack blood vessels.

Regeneration of Tissues

The ability of tissues to heal and replace damaged cells.

Function of Blood

Transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body.

Function of Connective Tissue

Support, bind together, and protect organs.

Stratified Epithelium Location

Found in areas subject to abrasion, like the skin and lining of the mouth.

Simple Squamous Epithelium Function

Facilitates diffusion and filtration processes.

Columnar Epithelium Location

Found in organs like the stomach and intestines.

Role of Fibroblasts

Cells that produce the fibers and ground substance in connective tissue.

Macrophages

Immune cells that engulf pathogens and debris.

Connective Tissue Functions

Include cushioning, insulating, and connecting organs.

Adipocyte

Fat cells that make up adipose tissue.

Serous Membranes

Membranes lining body cavities that do not open to the outside.

Alveoli

Small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Lymphatic Vessels

Vessels that transport lymph fluid throughout the body.

Mesenteries

Folds of peritoneum that support the abdominal organs.

Ovarian Surfaces

Sites where simple cuboidal epithelium is found.

Ventricles of the Brain

Cavities within the brain lined by simple columnar epithelium.

Terminology for Bone Types

Includes compact bone and spongy bone.

Lying of Auditory Tubes

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found here.

Epithelium in Nose

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines the nasal cavity.

Function of Epithelial Cells in Bronchioles

Movement of particles and secretion of mucus.

Connective Tissue Help

Supports, binds, and protects other tissues and organs.

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size, common in muscle and fat tissue.

Hyperplasia

Increase in the number of cells in a tissue.

Anatomy of Blood Vessels

Comprised of smooth muscles and connective tissue.

Cell Communication in Tissues

Can be via gap junctions or extracellular signals.