Medicine 5th Year - February 2020 Exam Review

Comprehensive vocabulary and core concept flashcards based on the Medicine Year 5 Exam February 2020 transcript, covering emergency management, cardiology, endocrinology, and nephrology.

ABC

The essential initial action to secure (Airway, Breathing, and Circulation) before performing an urgent CT brain in patients with sudden loss of consciousness.

Acute on chronic respiratory acidosis

A respiratory state characterized by clinical values such as pH of $7.0$, $PaO_2$ of $50$, $PaCO_2$ of $100$, and $HCO_3$ of $34$ in a patient with COPD.

Anion Gap (AG) Formula

The calculation defined as $AG = Na^+ - (HCO_3^- + Cl^-)$, where an increase is typically caused by ketoacidosis, uremia, or drugs and toxins.

Neuroglycopenic symptoms

Symptoms of hypoglycemia resulting from a lack of glucose in the brain, such as incoordination, as opposed to autonomic symptoms like sweating or palpitations.

Severe DKA criteria

A clinical state characterized by blood ketones above $6.000000000000001 \times 10^{0} mmol/L$, bicarbonate levels below $15.0 \times 10^{0} mmol/L$, or a venous pH below $7.0 \times 10^{0}$.

DKA Rehydration Protocol

The first step in treating diabetic ketoacidosis involving rehydration with $0.9 \times 10^{0}\%$ saline ($5 \times 10^{0}$ to $6 \times 10^{0}$ litres) to correct the deficit.

Propranolol (in Variceal Bleeding)

The preferred pharmacological agent used for the prevention of variceal bleeding.

BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide)

A diagnostic marker where very high blood levels suggest heart failure as the etiology of acute shortness of breath.

Tall tented T-wave

The earliest ECG manifestation of hyperkalemia, defined by a serum potassium level such as $6 \times 10^{0} mmol/L$.

$\alpha$-fetoprotein

The specific tumor marker that is elevated in cases of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Escherichia coli

The most common causative agent for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Muscle fasciculation

A characteristic clinical feature associated with motor neuron disease.

Ice pack test

A clinical test used to evaluate ptosis where improvement after applying an ice pack for $2 \times 10^{0}$ minutes suggests the presence of Acetylcholine receptor antibodies.

Malar flush

A clinical sign of the face associated with mitral stenosis, alongside atrial fibrillation and a tapping, un-displaced apex beat.

Rheumatic arthritis characteristics

A clinical manifestation of rheumatic fever where the arthritis is typically benign, non-erosive, and self-limiting.

Tapping apical impulse

The characteristic quality of the apical pulse in patients with severe mitral stenosis.

Addison's disease signs

Primary hypoadrenalism characterized by clinical findings such as hyper-pigmentation in the hand creases, hypotension, and weight loss.

Pituitary apoplexy

A condition presenting with loss of libido, acute severe headache, nausea, vomiting, blurring of vision, and bitemporal hemianopia.

Erythropoietin deficiency

The most likely cause of normochromic, normocytic anemia in a patient with type 1 diabetes and progressive renal failure.

Leukonychia

White nails, a physical sign associated with chronic liver disease.