SAAT Biology Section 3 Vocabulary (Animal Kingdom) - تحصيلي

Animals are multicellular heterotrophs that belong to

Eukaryota

If an animal has an endoskeleton and a backbone, it is called a

Vertebrae

The bodies of many invertebrates are covered with

Exoskeletons

Most animals reproduce sexually,

Although some species can reproduce asexually

Some animals, such as earthworms, are

Hermaphrodites

Fertilization

Can be internal (e.g: cows or sheep) or external (e.g: fish)

common methods of asexual reproduction

Budding, fragmentation, regeneration, parthenogenesis

Budding

An offspring develops as a growth on the body of the parent

Fragmentation

The parent breaks into pieces and each piece can develop into an adult animal

Regeneration

A new organism can regenerate, or regrow, from the lost body part if the part contains enough genetic information

Parthenogenesis

A female animal produces eggs that develop without being fertilized

The zygote undergoes mitosis

Zygote → blastocyst → gastrocyst → embryo → fetus

Sponges

Most primitive animals on Earth

Sponges are

Closely related to groups of protists

Sponges common characteristics

Sessile, reproduce sexually and asexually, filter feeders, they have specialized cells but no tissues

Cnidarians

Oldest existing animals that have specialized tissues

Cnidarians two body forms

Polyp and medusas

Nematoda

Cylindrical worms -pseudocoelomates

Ascaris infections

From unwashed vegetables

Hook worms

From walking barefoot

Filaria

By anopheles mosquitoes

Annelids

Very close to mollusks, segmented bodies

Annelids (earthworm) characteristics

Few setae on most body segments

Annelids (earthworm) habitat

Terrestrial

Annelids (earthworm) ecological benefit

They aerate soil so roots can grow more easily and water can move efficiently,

They are food for many different animals

Annelid (polychaetes) characteristics

Well developed sense organs, many setae on most body segments, parapodia

Annelid (polychaetes) habitat

Mainly marine

Annelid (polychaetes) ecological benefit

They convert organic debris in oceans into carbon dioxide, which is used by marine plankton for photosynthesis

Annelids (leeches) characteristics

Usually no setae on body segments, front and rear suckers

Annelids (leeches) habitat

Mainly freshwater

Annelids (leeches) ecological benefit

They maintain blood flow after microsurgery

Arthropods

Include insects, arachnids, and crustacea

Arthropods segmented bodies

Segmented bodies, hard, flexible exoskeletons (made from chitin and movable joints between body segments and between appendages)

Arthropods divided body parts

Head, thorax, abdomen

Many have antenna (insects and crustaceans)

Long, sensory structures that contain receptors for smell and touch

Legs and wings

Attached to the thorax

Crustacea and arachnids have

Cephalothorax and abdomen only

Shedding or molting

Needed for arthropods to grow (to get rid of their exoskeleton)

Mandibles (jaws)

In arthropods; adapted to biting, chewing, and stinging

How arthropods obtain oxygen

By using one of these structures— gills, tracheal tubes, or book lungs

Spiracles

Both tracheae (insects) and book lungs (arachnids) open to the outside of the body of the arthropod in openings

Cephalothorax

Some arthropods, such as crayfish, have the thorax region fused with the head unto a single structure

Many arthropods have compound eyes,

While others have simple eyes

How ants communicate

Using pheromones, chemicals secreted by many animal specifies that influence the behavior of other animals of the same species

Crustaceans characteristics

Two pairs of antennae, two compound eyes, mandibles, five pairs of legs (chelipeds and walking legs) and swimmerets

Spiders and their relatives characteristics

No antennae, two body segments (cephalothorax and abdomen), and six pairs of jointed appendages (chelicerae, pedipalps, and four pairs of walking legs)

Insects and their relatives characteristics

Antennae, compound eyes, simple eyes, three body sections (head, thorax, and abdomen), three pairs of legs, and generally two pairs of wings on the thorax

All spiders are

Carnivores

Silk

Made from a fluid protein secreted by glands and spun into silk by structures called spinnerets

80 percent of arthropods

Are insects

Insect legs functions

Example: flies have walking legs with sticky pads to help them walk upside down

Metamorphosis

After hatching, insects undergo this process, a series of major changes from a larval form to an adult form

Complete metamorphosis

Egg → larva → pupa → adult (butterfly)

Incomplete metamorphosis

Egg → nymph (several molts) → adult (locust)

Echinoderms

Marine animals with shiny endoskeletons, water-vascular systems, and tube feet (they have radial symmetry as adults)

Pedicellariae

Small pincers on the skin of echinoderms that aid in catching food and in removing foreign materials from the skin

Madreporite

Strainlike opening (like a sieve) in the water-vascular system

Ampullas

Muscular sacs at the ends of echinoderms’ feet

Many species of sea stars’ way of eating

Pushing their stomach out of their mouths and onto their prey (then they spread digestive enzymes over the food and use cilia to bring the digested matieral to their mouths)

Echinoderms using their tube feet

They use it in respiration

Most echinoderms’ way of reproduction

Reproduce sexually

Behavior of many echinoderms in attacks

Drop off an arm, enabling them to flee while the predator is distracted (they can regenerate)

Asteroidea example

Sea stars

Asteroidea distinctive features

Often five armed, tube feet used for feeding and moving

Ophiuoidea example

Brittle stars

Ophiuoidea distinctive features

Often five armed, arms break off easily and can be regenerated, move by arms movement, tube feet with no suction cups

Echinoidea example

Sea urchins and sand dollars

Echinoidea distinctive features

Body encased in a test with spines, sea urchins burrow in rocky areas, sand dollars burrow in sand

Crinoidea example

Sea lilies and feather stars

Crinoidea distinctive features

Sessile for some part of life, sea lilies have long stalks, feather stars have long branching arms

Holothuroidea example

Sea cucumbers

Holothuroidea distinctive features

Cucumber shape, leathery outer body, tube feet modified to tentacles near the mouth

Concentricycoidea example

Sea daises

Concentricycoidea distinctive features

Less than 1 centimeter in diameter, no arms, tube feet located around a central disk

Echinoderms classes

Asteroidea, Ophiuoidea, Echinoidea, Crinoidea, Holothuroidea, Concentricycoidea

Because of their spiny skin, sea stars usually

Are not food for other marine predators

Respiratory trees

Branched tubes which water passes and oxygen moves through the body (many sea cucumbers have this)

Echinoderms’ tube feet modified

They are modified to form tentacles that extend from around their mouths to trap suspended food particples

Example of an invertebrate chordates

Lancelet; a small eel-like animal that spends most of its life buried in the sand filtering the water for food

Chordates features

Development of a dorsal tubular nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a postanal tail

Dorsal tubular nerve cord

An anatomical feature found in all chordates

Notochord

A cartilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult chordate animals.

Pharyngeal pouches

Embryological outpocketings of the foregut endoderm

Postanal tail

A muscular, skeletal extension of the body extending beyond the anus