micro exam 3

how to diagnose infectious diseases

samples from patients (blood, urine), detect microbes, biochemical tests

what is the goal of looking at a sample from a patient

to identify the microbe in which is infecting

what is pyogenic cocci

stimulate pus formation, trigger strong inflammation response

what type of pathogen is pyogenic cocci

opportunistic pathogen

what is staphylococcus aureus

gram positive, arranged in clusters of ‘grapes’

where is staphylo aureus found

in normal flora, opportunistic pathogen

how is staph transmitted

direct contact or fomites

what is staph resistant too

drying, disinfectants, antibiotics, heat

what is MRSA

resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics

how do you treat MRSA

penicillin, cephalosporins (peptidoglycan target)

what is the goal of treating MRSA

break open the beta ring so its not harmful

what are the types of MRSA

HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA

what is HA-MRSA

found in hospitals and nursing homes

what is CA-MRSA

found in schools and locker rooms

what are some staph virulence factors

coagulase (clot blood), exoenzymes that are secreted, exotoxins

goal of staph virulence factors

avoid phagocytosis, capsule, produce enzymes and toxins

what does staph diseases depend on

strain, site and degree of infection, condition of the host

what are the types of staph infections

localized, systemic, toxigenic, food intoxication

what are localized skin infection

local abscess, pus-inflamed tissue surrounding

what is folliculitis

mild, inflamed hair follicles

what happens if you pick at a skin infection

it will go to deeper tissue

what is a aureus boil

subcutaneous tissue, more tender and in clusters, heavy treatment needed

what happens if you don’t treat a boil

it becomes a carbuncle

what are aureus carbuncles

large, high in pain, warm to touch

what happens if you don’t treat a carbuncle

it can get into lymph, blood, or CSF (become systemic)

what is impetigo

a localized skin infection, usually on face and chin

what happens if a impetigo blister pops

highly contagious fluid

what are systemic infections

spreads or is introduced to deeper tissues

what is septicemia

systemic blood infection

what is pneumonia

systemic lung infection

what is endocarditis

systemic heart infection

what is osteomyelitis

necrosis

what happens with osteomyelitis

breakage of bone, amputation in some cases

what is toxigenic disease

toxin is inside of body, produced in body

examples of toxigenic infections

scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning

what is scalded skin syndrome

appearance of burn or boiled in water

cause of scalded skin syndrome

exfoliative toxin

what is desquamation

skin to separate, dermis from epidermis

what is toxic shock syndrome

release of toxin triggers things in body

what happens with toxic shock syndrome

small amounts of desquamation

what is toxic shock syndrome most affiliated with

tampon use

what is food intoxication

food poisoning, contaminated during preparation

what are enterotoxins

target the intestinal wall

mechanism of food poisoning

ingested toxins multiplies inside of body to overload

how do you diagnose staph infections

catalase, coagulase, biochemical testing

what helps differentiate strep from staph

catalase test

how do you treat staph infections

isolate the person, drain abscesses, antibiotics

what type of antibiotics shouldn’t be used with staph infections

beta-lactam

how to prevent staph infections

proper hygiene, wash hands often

what is streptococcus

gram positive, long beadlike pairs

mechanism of streptococcus

inhibit phagocytosis, attach to tissues

how to classify streptococci

Lanefield, cell wall antigen, reaction in blood agar

what does beta hemolysis cause

streptococcus pyogenes

what does alpha hemolysis cause

streptococcus pneumoniae

what is streptococcus pyogenes

found in throat, opportunistic pathogen

how is streptococcus transmitted

direct contact or fomites

what is another name for impetigo

epidermis

what is erysipelas

more invasive and deeper, dermis and subcutaneous tissue

what is necrotizing fasciitis

flesh eating disease, enters through cuts

mechanism of necrotizing fasciitis

enzymes and toxins destroy tissue

success of treatment in necrotizing fasciitis

antibiotic use, catch early more success

what is another name for streptococcal pharyngitis

strep throat

what is the mechanism of strep throat

multiples in tonsils or pharyngeal mucous membranes

what is scarlet fever

strain of staph pyogenes, erythrogenic toxinl

look of scarlet fever

tongue bright red, high fever

how is scarlet fever managed

antibiotics

long term complications of scarlet fever

rheumatic fever (if untreated), glomerulonephritis

what is rheumatic fever

inflammation causes damaged heart valves

what is glomerulonephritis

kidney inflammation, damage

how to treat staph pyogenes

penicillin, cephalosporin, bacitracin

diagnosis of staph pyogenes

swab back of throat — streptococcal antigens

how to deal with necrosis

remove the dead tissue and bacteria

what is streptococcus pneumoniae

opportunistic pathogen, sinus infection

what is the highest incidence of strep pneumoniae

immunocompromised individuals

what is pneumococcal pneumonia

overwhelming inflammatory response, opportunistic pathogen

what is sinusitis

invade sinuses (secondary)

what is otitis media

invade middle ear (secondary)

why are children more susceptible to ear infections

auditory tube narrow, fluid moves easier

treatment of pneumonia

chest x-ray, quelling reaction

what is neisseriaceae

gram negative cocci in pairs

what does Neisseriaceae cause

gonorrhoeic, meningitis

what is gonorrhoeae

STD, true pathogen, could be asymptomatic

gonorrhea in males

majority symptomatic, painful urination and discharge, infertility

gonorrhea in females

50% asymptomatic, pelvic inflammatory disease, bloody discharge

gonococcal infections in children

contracted through birth canal, gonococcal eye infections

gonorrhea diagnosis

specimen detection

gonorrhea treatment

most antibiotic resistant, broad spectrum

what is Neisseria meningitidis

cerebrospinal meningitis

how is meningitis transmitted

close contact, crowded living conditions

what is petechiae

small hemorrhages

what is ecchymoses

large hemorrhage

importance of meningitis

death could occur within hours of symptoms

diagnosis of meningitis

spinal tap, rapid is needed

treatment of meningitis

cephalosporins and isolation

prevention of meningitis

vaccines in children, military, and students

what is genus clostridium

wound infections, antibiotic colitis, botulism

pathogens of genus clostridium

clost. perfringens

clost. botulinum

clost. tetarii

clost. difficile

what is clostridium perfringens

normal flora, mild food poisoning, spores enter tissue

what can come from perfringens

gas gangrene

what is gas gangrene

foul smelling gas from tissue, toxin release