Anatomy and Physiology Exam 5 Review

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering digestive tissue layers, urogenital anatomy, endocrine functions, and reproductive pathways based on the Fall 2015 Exam 5 transcript.

Lamina propria

The first tissue layer of the digestive tract starting from the lumen, preceding the muscularis mucosae.

Serosa

The fifth and most external tissue layer of the digestive tract.

Vasa recta

Blood vessels found in the renal medulla.

Lacteals

Lymphatic capillaries found in the duodenum.

Dorsal arteries and veins

Blood vessels found in the penis.

Porta hepatis

The structure comprised of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and common hepatic duct.

Uterine tube segments (order)

Beginning at the ovary: Infundibulum - ampulla - isthmus - uterine part.

Antagonistic hormone pair

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone, which have opposite effects.

Parasympathetic Cranial Nerves

The cranial nerves associated with the parasympathetic division are III, VII, IX, and X.

Renal corpuscle

A structure made up of the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus.

Macula densa

Cells of the distal convoluted tubule that are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Juxtaglomerular cells

Cells in the kidney that produce renin.

Spermatogenesis order

The chronological sequence of sperm development: Spermatogonium, Primary spermatocyte, Secondary spermatocyte, Spermatid, and Spermatozoon.

Sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies

Housed in the lateral horns of the $T1-L2$ segments of the spinal cord.

Scrotum

The male homologue to the female labia majora.

Postganglionic axons

Axons that are characteristically unmyelinated.

Stomach epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium.

Esophagus epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium.

Urinary filtrate path

Proximal convoluted tubule, Descending limb of the nephron loop, Ascending limb of the nephron loop, Distal convoluted tubule, then Collecting tubule / duct.

Pancreatic islet alpha cells

Cells that produce glucagon.

Pancreatic islet beta cells

Cells that produce insulin.

Thyroid interfollicular cells

Cells that produce calcitonin.

Thyroid follicles

Structures that produce Triiodothyronin ($T3$) and Thyroxin ($T4$).

Zona Glomerulosa

The layer of the adrenal cortex that produces aldosterone.

Zona Fasciculata

The layer of the adrenal cortex that produces hydrocortisone (cortisol).

Zona Reticularis

The layer of the adrenal cortex that produces androstendione (which becomes testosterone).

Adrenal Medulla

The part of the adrenal gland that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Epididymis

The site for the maturation of sperm.

Ampulla of vas deferens

The site for the storage of sperm prior to the seminal vesicle.

Seminal vesicle

Provides a secretion containing prostaglandins, fructose, and fibrinogen.

Sperm passage order

Seminiferous tubules, Rete testis, Epididymis, Ductus (vas) deferens, then Ejaculatory duct.

Myometrium

The muscular layer of the uterus.

Trigone

The area in the urinary bladder marked by the openings of the urethra and ureters.

Blood flow to the kidney (order)

Renal artery, Interlobar artery, Arcuate artery, Interlobular artery, Afferent arteriole, Glomerulus, Efferent arteriole, then Peritubular capillary.

Corpus spongiosum

Erectile tissue located on the ventral surface of the penis.

Mesocolon

The peritoneal fold that supports the large intestine.

Dartos and cremaster muscles

Muscles that function to regulate the temperature of the testes.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates testosterone secretion by interstitial cells.

Thyrothropin releasing hormone (TRH)

Hormone produced by the hypothalamus.

Proliferative phase

The phase of the menstrual cycle during which a new functional layer is formed in the uterus.