APUSH 1-8 Simple IDs

the great ice age

Extended period when glaciers covered most of the North American continent

corn/maize

Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations.

chaco canyon

important ancient anasazi indian center in new mexico that included a pueblo of six hundred interconnected rooms

portugal

First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa

mali

Flourishing West African kingdom that had its capital and a major islamic university at Timbuktu

Aragon and Castile

The two smaller kingdoms that were united by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to create the powerful nation of Spain

horse

Animal introduced by Europeans that changed Indian way of life on the Great Plains

smallpox

name one of the major European diseases that devastated Native American populations after 1492

syphilis

sexually transmitted disease originating in the americas that was transmitted and spread among europeans after 1492

Treaty of Tordesillas

treaty of 1492 that aimed to divide all of the americas between spain and portugal

Tenochtitlan

Wealthy and populous capital of the Aztec empire

mestizos

term for a person of mixed european and indian ancestry

pope's rebellion

A major Pueblo uprising of 1680 caused by Spanish efforts to suppress the Indians' religious practices

noche triste

Spanish term for the night of June 30, 1520, when war began between Aztecs and Spanish, leading to Spanish conquest of Mexico

franciscan

Roman Catholic religious order of friars that organized a chain of missions in California

ferdinand and isabella

Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus's voyages to the New World

hernan cortes and francisco pizzaro

spanish conquerors of great indian civilizations

lake bonneville

Inland sea left by melting glaciers whose remnant is the Great Salt Lake

dias and da gama

Portuguese navigators who sailed around the African coast

Christopher Columbus

Italian-born explorer who thought that he had arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on unknown continents

malinche

Female Indian slave who served as interpreter for Cortes

moctezuma

powerful aztec emperor who fell to spanish conquerors

hiawatha

legendary powerful founder of the iroquois confederacy

st. augustine

founded in 1565 and is the oldest inhabited european settlement in us history

John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto)

italian born navigator sent by the english to explore the north american coast in 1498

junipero serra

franciscan misssionary who settled california

bartolome de las casas

Dominican friar who sympathized with Indians and protested cruel Spanish policies in the New World

ireland

Nation where English Protestant rulers employed brutal tactics against the local Catholic population

roanoke

Island colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580s

spanish armada

naval invaders defeated by english sea dogs in 1588

the joint stock company

Forerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial ventures.

anglo-powhatan wars

Name of two wars, fought in 1614 and 1644, between the English in Jamestown and the nearby Indian leader

barbados slave code of 1661

The harsh system of laws governing African labor, first developed in Barbados and later officially adopted by South Carolina in 1696

House of Burgesses

the virginia assembly that first established local representative self-government for english settlers in north america

Indentured Servants

Penniless people obligated to engage in unpaid labor for a fixed number of years, usually in exchange for passage to the New World or other benefits

roman catholics

Persecuted English religious minority for whom colonial Maryland was intended to be a refuge

squatters

Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil

florida

Spain's North American colony from which Spanish intruders periodically threatened English settlers in Georgia and the Carolinas

tobacco

The primary staple crop of early Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina

south carolina

The only southern colony with a slave majority

rice

The primary plantation crop of South Carolina

savannah

a melting pot town in early colonial georgia

powhatan

Indian leader who ruled tribes in the James River area of Virginia

walter raleigh and humphrey gilbert

Elizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies.

roanoke

The failed "lost colony" founded by Sir Walter Raleigh

john smith

virginia leader saved by pocahantas

virginia

Colony that established a House of Burgesses in 1619

maryland

Colony originally founded as a haven for Roman Catholics

lord de la warr

Harsh military governor of Virginia who employed "Irish tactics" against the Indians

john wesley

British founder of the Methodist Church who served for a time as a missionary in colonial Georgia

lord baltimore

The Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers

south carolina

Colony that turned to disease-resistant African slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations

north carolina

Economically poorer colony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit"

georgia

Colony originally founded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists

James Oglethorpe

Philanthropic soldier-statesman who founded the Georgia colony

elizabeth i

The unmarried ruler who established English Protestantism and fought the Catholic Spanish

jamestown

Riverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony

Protestant Reformation

Sixteenth-century religious reform movement begun by Martin Luther

puritans

English Calvinists who sought a thorough cleansing from within the Church of England while remaining officially within that church

separatists

radical calvinists who considered the church of england so corrupt that they broke with it and formed their own independent churches

mayflower compact

The shipboard agreement by the Pilgrim Fathers to establish a body politic and submit to majority rule

Congregational Church

The name eventually applied to the Puritans' established religious institution in Massachusetts and several other New England colonies.

cambridge

The elite English university where John Cotton and many other Puritan leaders of New England had been educated

ship building and fishing

the two major non-farming industries of massachusetts bay

Antinomianism

Anne Hutchinson's heretical belief that the truly saved need not obey human or divine law

banishment

Common fate of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson after they were convicted of heresy in Massachusetts Bay

pequot war

Vicious war waged by English settlers and their Narragansett Indian allies that virtually annihilated a major Indian tribe in Connecticut

King Philip's War

A major pan-Indian uprising of 1675-1676 that destroyed many Puritan towns but ultimately represented a major defeat for New England's Indians

Glorious Revolution

english revolt of 1688-1689 that overthrew the catholic king james ii and also led to the overthrow of the dominion of new england in america

patroonships

Vast feudal estates in the rich Hudson River valley that created an aristocratic elite in the New Netherland and later New York colony

blue laws

Collective term for the Pennsylvania statutes that prohibited the theater, cards, dice, and other activities and games deemed immoral.

philadelphia

william penn's "city of brotherly love" that became the most prosperous and tolerant urban center in england's north american colonies

martin luther

German monk who began Protestant Reformation

john calvin

Reformer whose religious ideas inspired English Puritans, Scotch Presbyterians, French Huguenots, and Dutch Reformed

massasoit

Wampanoag chieftain who befriended English colonists

Plymouth

Small colony that eventually merged into Massachusetts Bay

massachusetts bay colony

Colony whose government sought to enforce God's law on believers and unbelievers alike

john winthrop

Promoter of Massachusetts Bay as a holy "city upon a hill"

baptists

Dissenting religious group first founded in Rhode Island by Roger Williams

general court

Representative assembly of Massachusetts Bay

puritans

Dominant religious group in Massachusetts Bay

quakers

Religious group persecuted in Massachusetts and New York but not in Pennsylvania

Anne Hutchinson

Religious dissenter convicted of the heresy of antinomianism

roger williams

Radical founder of the most tolerant New England colony

king philip

Indian leader who waged an unsuccessful war against New England's white colonists

Peter Stuyvesant

Conqueror of New Sweden who later lost New Netherland to the English

william penn

founder of the most tolerant and democratic of the middle colonies

stable families

Early Maryland and Virginia settlers had difficulty creating them and even more difficulty making them last

tobacco

the principal economic product of early Maryland and Virginia

Indentured Servants

Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor

headright system

Maryland and Virginia's system of granting land to anyone who would pay trans-Atlantic passage for laborers

slave codes

Laws first passed in 1662 that made blacks and their children the lifelong property of their white masters

rhode island

New England colony that was home to most North American slave traders

Royal African Company

English company that lost its monopoly on the slave trade in 1698

gullah

African American language that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa

new york city

Site of northern slave revolt of 1712 that led to the deaths of nine whites and the execution of more than twenty blacks

First Families of Virginia

Shorthand term for the wealthy extended clans like the Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons that dominated politics in the most populous colony

midwifery

Occupation of assisting in childbirth that was a virtual female monopoly in colonial New England

town meeting

the basic local political institution of new england, in which all freemen gathered to elect officials and debate local affairs

Half-Way Covenant

Formula devised by Puritan ministers in 1662 to offer partial church membership to people who had not experienced conversion