CH 3 PART 2- Comprehensive Study Notes on Diffuse Lung Disease, Neoplasms, and Vascular Respiratory Disorders

This set of flashcards covers chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), environmental lung diseases, lung neoplasms, vascular conditions, and pleural/diaphragmatic disorders as presented in the lecture notes.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A common and treatable lung disease characterized by progressive airflow limitation and tissue destruction, often associated with chronic inflammation from prolonged exposure to noxious particles or gases.

Chronic Bronchitis

A long-term inflammatory condition characterized by a persistent productive cough lasting at least 3 months per year for 2 consecutive years.

Dirty Chest

A radiographic appearance where chest radiography demonstrates an increase in bronchovascular markings, commonly seen in chronic bronchitis and chronic asthma.

Emphysema

A progressive form of COPD resulting in the destruction of alveolar walls, air trapping, and the formation of large air-filled sacs called bullae.

Barrel Chest

A physical manifestation of emphysema characterized by an increase in the anterior-posterior (AP) chest diameter.

Asthma

A chronic inflammatory respiratory condition characterized by intermittent airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and swelling of the mucous membranes.

Bronchiectasis

A chronic lung disease characterized by permanent widening of the bronchial airways resulting from the destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall.

Signet-ring sign

The hallmark sign of bronchiectasis on a CT scan, produced by multiple dilated bronchi.

Sarcoidosis

A multisystem disorder of unknown etiology that presents with noncaseating granulomas and characteristically features bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy.

Donut sign

A CT finding in sarcoidosis where lymphadenopathy encircles the trachea.

Pneumoconiosis

Occupational lung diseases caused by the accumulation of fine inhaled particles leading to chronic interstitial inflammation and irreversible pulmonary fibrosis.

Silicosis

The world’s most prevalent occupational lung disease, caused by the inhalation of high concentrations of silicon dioxide (crystalline silica).

Asbestosis

A chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers, marked pathognomonically by calcification of pleural plaques.

Anthracosis

Also known as Black Lung Disease or Coal Miner's Lung, it is an occupational disease caused by overexposure to coal mine dust.

Solitary Pulmonary Nodule (SPN)

A round or oval area in the lung smaller than $3\,cm$ ($1.2\,inches$), often discovered incidentally during imaging.

Bronchial Adenoma

Rare, low-grade malignant tumors originating in the mucous glands and ducts of the bronchi and the trachea.

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Tumors originating in the lung parenchyma or within the bronchi, histologically divided into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Adenocarcinoma

The most common primary lung cancer in the United States, which evolves from mucosal glands and is common in non-smokers.

Pancoast syndrome

An extrathoracic effect of non-small cell lung cancer that causes shoulder pain and may also affect the forearm, scapula, or fingers.

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

An obstruction of the pulmonary arteries by a blood clot that has traveled from another area of the body, commonly originating as deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Septic Embolism

A condition occurring when an infected thrombus detaches from a primary source, such as infective endocarditis, and travels to obstruct a distant vessel.

Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula (PAVM)

A rare vascular anomaly with abnormal communication between the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein, leading to a right-to-left shunt.

Atelectasis

Partial or complete collapse of the lung or a section of the lung, often occurring postoperatively or due to airway obstruction.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

A life-threatening condition characterized by capillary endothelial injury, diffuse alveolar damage, and non-compliant or "stiff" lungs.

Mediastinal Emphysema

Also known as pneumomediastinum, it is the presence of air in the mediastinum, often caused by alveolar rupture.

Spinnaker sign

A radiographic finding in pediatric patients with mediastinal emphysema where the thymus is shifted or elevated by air.

Subcutaneous Emphysema

The infiltration of air into the subcutaneous layer of the skin, often characterized by crepitation (crackling sound) on palpation.

Pneumothorax

The accumulation of air between the parietal and visceral pleurae, which can apply pressure on the lung and cause it to collapse.

Tension Pneumothorax

A medical emergency where accumulated air in the pleural space shifts the heart and mediastinal structures toward the contralateral side.

Pleural Effusion

The abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pleural space, often appearing as a blunted costophrenic angle or the meniscus sign on imaging.

Thoracentesis

A procedure involving the removal of fluid from the pleural cavity, commonly performed under ultrasound guidance.

Empyema

The presence of purulent fluid (pus) in the pleural space, commonly as a complication of bacterial pneumonia or trauma.

The Four T's

A mnemonic for the most common anterior mediastinal masses: Thymus, Teratoma (germ cell), Thyroid, and Terrible Lymphoma.

Diaphragmatic Paralysis

A condition where side(s) of the diaphragm lose the ability to contract, often showing paradoxical movement during a fluoroscopic "sniff test."

Eventration of the Diaphragm

Localized elevation or bulging of a hemidiaphragm without a break in continuity, caused by a lack of muscle or nerve function.

COPD is characterized by two distinct disease processes that coexist to cause the obstructive process, what are they?

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

shaggy heart borders

reticulonodular infiltrates at lung bases from asbestosis

asbestosis hallmark

pleural involvement, thickening and calcified pleural plaques

small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

highly aggressive

imaging shows non-specific hilar/peri-hilar masses and mediastinal widening due to lymph node enlargement

pancoast syndrome

non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

shoulder, forearm, scapula, or finger pain

horner syndrome

atrophy of hand muscles or boy destruction

septic embolism modality of choice

contrast-enhanced CT

pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (PAVM)

a rare congenital vascular anomaly involving abnormal communication between a pulmonary artery and vein, creating a right-to-left shunt

PAVM modality of choice

pulmonary angiogram

atelectasis obstructive (resorptive)

airway obstruction prevents air from reaching alveoli (mucus plugs, tumors, foreign bodies)

atelectasis nonobstructive (compression)

external pressure from pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or tumors

atelectasis surfactant related

alveolar collapse due to surfactant impairment (ARDS or neonatal RDS)

Ring Sign

air surrounding pulmonary arteries (mediastinal emphysema)

pneumothorax traumatic

blunt or penetrating trauma

pneumothorax tension pneumothorax

medical emergency that shifts mediastinal structures and compresses the heart

pneumothorax atraumatic

primary spontaneous (no event) or secondary spontaneous (due to disease like emphysema)