Anaphy - Endocrine

Second major controlling system of the body and acts with the nervous system

endocrine

it is rapid and uses nerve impluse

nervous system

slow acting and uses chemical messengers called hormones

endocrine system

these are chemical messengers

hormones

these are major endocrine organs

pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas, pineal, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, gonads

these are the hormone producing glands with purely endocrine function

anterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, parathyroids

these are the glands with mix function(both endocrine and exocrine)

pancreas and gonads

located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

pituitary gland

• not an endocrine gland since it does not produce hormones as it releases them

• it stores two hormones transported to it along axons from the hypotalamus

Posterior pituitary gland

Hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth and causes milk ejection in the lactating mother

oxytocin

causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the forming urine, thereby reducing urine output, conserving by water, and increasing blood pressure

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

• Known as the adenohypophysis or glandular tissue

• secretes number of hormones

• master endocrine gland however it is not all powerful because the release of its hormones is controlled by releasing or inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

Anterior pituitary

these are the four tropic hormones

Follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), adrenocorticotropic hormone, and Thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH)

regulate gamete production and hormonal activity of the gonads

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

also called thyrotropic hormone, influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

these are the other hormones produced by the anterior pituitary that are not directly involved in regulating other endocrine glands in the body

growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL)

general metabolic hormone that plays an important role in determining the body size it exerts main effects on muscles and long bone growth

growth hormone (GH)

Stimulates breast development and promotes and maintains milk production by mother’s breast after childbirth

prolactin (PRL)

it plays a crucial role in controlling both anterior and posterior pituitary

hypothalamus

the hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones which travel through ____ blood system directly to the anterior pituitary

portal circulation

bilobed joined by a central mass or isthmus and located in the throat, inferior to the adams apple

Thyroid gland

The thyroid gland produces two hormones which are

Thyroid hormone and calcitonin

Two types of thyroid hormones

triiodothyronine (T3) thyroxine (T4)

Its function is to control the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation, so thyroid hormone affects virtually every cell in the body

Thyroid hormone

• decrease blood calcium levels by stimulating deposit in the bones

• acts antagonistically to parathyroid hormone, the hormonal product if the parathyroid glands

calcitonin

• embended in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

• there are two small oval glands on each lobe, but there may be more and some may be located in other regions of the neck

parathyroid glands

most important regulator of calcium phosphate ion homeostasis of blood

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

• when blood calcium levels fall too low

• prolonged muscle spasm, can cause respiratory paralysis and may be fatal

tetany

this is a two bean-shaped adrenal or suprarenal glands, are located atop of tye kidney which is divided by two: medulla and cortex

Adrenal gland

It develops from adrenal tissue and is directly controlled by sympathetic nervous system neurons and causes adrenaline rush

Adrenal medulla

The adrenal glands produced two major hormones which are

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Hormes that acts with the symphathetic nervous system to produce the flight or fight response to stressor

Epinephrine (80) and norepinephrine (20)

it produces three major groups of steroids hormones actively called as corticosteroids called mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones (androgens and estrogen)

adrenal cortex

Regulate water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids, mainly by regulating sodium ion reabsorption by kidney tubes

Mineralocorticoid

Help the body to resist long term stressors

Glucocorticoids

Most sex hormones produces ___ but sometimes they also produces estrogen

Androgen

Two sex hormones

Androgen and estrogen

• These are located partially behind tye stomach in the abdomen

• Acts both as an exocrine and endocrine

• It produces digestive enzymes, its exocrine product

Pancreas

• Hormone produce by the pancreas and elevate blood glucoses levels

• Stimulate these which decreases blood sugar levels, primarily by accelerating the uptake of glucose into the body cells

Insulin

This is being tested if one has diabetes

insulin

A common disease cause by either insufficient insulin release of by insulin resistance

diabetes mellitus

• Acts antagonistically to insulin

• Its release is stimulated by low blood glucose levels and uts action is basically hyperglycemic

• It stimulates the liver, its primary target organ to breakdown its glycogen stores to glucose and release the glucose to the blood

glucagon

Diagnosis of low blood sugar, too much insulin. To cure, give simple sugars only like candy or a table of sugar

Hypoglycemia

High blood sugar and not enough insulin

Hyperglycemia

Are reproductive organs of male and female

Gonads

Are paired almond size organs located in the pelvic cavity that produces female sex cell (ova)

Female gonads or ovaries

Two types of steroid hormones

Estrogen and progesterone

Responsible for the developments of secondary sex characteristics

Estrogen and testosterone

• Responsible gor the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the female at puberty

• Act with progesterone to bring menstrual cycle

• Help to prepare the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation)

estrogens

during pregnancy it quites the uterine muscle and helps to prepare the breast tissue for lactation

Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle

Progesterone

It is paired oval tested of the male and are suspended in a pouchlike sac called scrotum outside the pelvic cavity

male gonads or testes

Tested or male gonads produces this type of hormone

Testosterone

• It promotes the maturation if the reproductive system accessory structures

• Brings about the developments if the secondary sex characteristics

• Responsible for the male sexual drive or libido

testosterone

located in the superior thorax, posterior to the sternum and overlying the heart

Large in the infant, begins to atrophy/small at puberty, and by old age it is relatively inconspicuous (not noticable)

thymus

Thymus produces this type of hormone. This also helps direct the maturation of a unique population of white blood cells called T lymphocytes which are responsible for the cellular immunity aspect of body defense

Thymosin

Small, pinecone-shaped that hangs from the roof if the third ventricle of the brain and produces melatonin

Pineal gland

Pineal produces this type of hormone that involved in the sleep-wake cycle. Levels peak at night, making us drowsy and are lowest around noon.

Anti-aging and antioxidant

Melatonin

A test to know how the body regulates or responds to blood glucose levels

Oral glucose tolerance test