Untitled Flashcards Set

Anatomy

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

Physiology

The study of the function of the body's structural machinery.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.

Principle of Complementarity

Structure depends on physiology and physiology depends on structure.

Molecular Level

The level of structural organization that includes molecules responsible for metabolic processes within the cells.

Cell Level

Where the different types of cells within the body serve as the beginning of anatomy & physiology.

Tissue Level

Consists of similar cells joined together for a common function.

Organ Level

Different types of tissues that make up the anatomy of the organ for specific physiology.

Organ Systems

Groups of organs working together in a symbiotic relationship.

Organism Level

All of the organ systems working together to achieve homeostasis.

Integumentary System

The first line of defense against pathogens, composed of skin, sweat glands, and hair.

Skeletal System

Consists of bones, cartilage, and ligaments; protects and supports body organs.

Muscular System

Comprises muscles and tendons; maintains posture and generates heat.

Nervous System

Fast acting control and communication system consisting of the brain, spinal column, and nerves.

Receptor (Homeostatic Control Mechanisms)

Senses environmental changes and sends information to the control center.

Control Center (Homeostatic Control Mechanisms)

Determines the set point for a variable and analyzes input from receptors.

Effector (Homeostatic Control Mechanisms)

Receives output from the control center and provides the means to respond.

Negative Feedback System

A homeostatic control mechanism where the output reduces the original stimulus.

Positive Feedback System

A mechanism that enhances the original stimulus, leading to an even greater response.

Anatomical Position

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.

Situs Inversus

A condition where the major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions.

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Contains structures such as the liver and gallbladder.

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Contains structures such as the appendix and parts of the intestines.

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Contains structures such as the stomach and spleen.

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Contains structures such as the sigmoid colon.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions due to the unequal sharing of electrons.

Covalent Bond

A bond formed by the equal sharing of electrons between two atoms.

Hydrogen Bond

Weak bonds between hydrogen and another atom, important for water properties.

Qualities of Water

Reactivity, cushioning, high heat capacity, and polar solvent properties.

Enzymes

Proteins serving as catalysts to increase the rate of reactions.

Acids

Substances that increase the concentration of H+ ions in solutions, lowering pH.

Bases

Substances that decrease the concentration of H+ ions and increase OH- ions, raising pH.

pH Scale

A scale measuring how acidic or basic a solution is, ranging from 0 to 14.

Potential Energy

Stored energy due to an object's position or state.

Kinetic Energy

Energy associated with the motion of an object.

Thermodynamics

Laws related to energy transfer and transformation.

Organic Compounds in the Body

Include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules that are a primary energy source, consisting of simple sugars.

Proteins Functions

Support, movement, transport, metabolic regulation, hormones, and defense.

Primary Structure (Proteins)

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Secondary Structure (Proteins)

Localized folding of polypeptide chains into alpha helices or beta sheets.

Tertiary Structure (Proteins)

Overall three-dimensional shape of a protein.

Quaternary Structure (Proteins)

The interaction and arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A double-stranded molecule containing genetic instructions.

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

A single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis.

Cell Theory

States that all living things are composed of cells and that cells are the basic unit of life.

Plasma Membrane

A selectively permeable membrane enclosing the cell, described by the fluid mosaic model.

Diffusion

Movement of solutes from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport process that requires a carrier protein for molecules to cross the membrane.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration, causing cells to lose water.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration, causing cells to gain water.

Isotonic Solution

A solution with equal solute concentrations, maintaining cell size.

Active Transport

Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Cytoplasm

The fluid that fills the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.

Cytosol

The liquid component of the cytoplasm, primarily water with dissolved solutes.

Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for ATP generation; the site of aerobic respiration.

Ribosomes

Cell structures where protein synthesis occurs.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle that synthesizes proteins due to ribosomes on its surface.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle involved in the storage of calcium ions.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing enzymes for digestion and waste disposal.

Cytoskeleton

A network providing structure and support to the cell.

Centrioles

Cell structures that aid in cell division and the formation of cilia and flagella.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that processes and packages proteins for secretion.

Nucleus

The cellular organelle that houses genetic material.

Nucleoli

Structures within the nucleus responsible for ribosome production.

Cell Cycle

The series of events leading to cell division, consisting of interphase and mitotic phase.

p53 Protein

A tumor suppressor protein that regulates the cell cycle.

Mitosis

The process by which a cell divides its nucleus and genetic material.

Phases of Mitosis

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, followed by Cytokinesis.

Transcription

The process of copying DNA to mRNA in the nucleus.

Translation

The process of decoding mRNA to synthesize a polypeptide at the ribosome.