BIOL 121: Plant Lab Terms

How do H+ pumps and K+ pumps impact stomatal opening?

- H+ pumps activated: H+ pumped out --> big membrane potential

- Causes K+ to be pumped into the guard cells

- Causes water to be pumped into the guard cells

- Guard cells open

How does light impact stomatal opening?

Photoreceptors (especially for blue light/phototropins) activate the H+ pumps, and therefore induce stomatal opening

How does potassium and abscisic acid (ABA) influence stomatal opening?

K+: the H+ pumps that pump H+ out of the cell induces the influx of K+ ions into the guard cell; water follows K+ and stomatal opening occurs

ABA: coordinates plant response to drought; drought —> increase ABA levels —> ABA blocks H+ activity and makes K+ move out of the cell; stomata CLOSES to conserve water

Stomata

Pores that allow gas (CO2 for photosynthesis) and water (exits leaf + goes through xylem) exchange

Gametophyte

Haploid, gamete producing phase of a plant; multicellular

Sporophyte

Diploid, spore (n) producing (meiosis) phase of a plant; spores germinate into new gametophyte

Antheridium vs Archegonium

antheridium = male gametes that produce sperm

archegonium = female gametes that produce eggs

Flower Morphology (9 things)

stamen, filament, anther, carpel, stigma, style, ovary, petal, sepal

Heterospory

When a plant produces 2 different kinds of spores that make the separate unisexual female (megaspores) and male (microspores) gametophytes

only angiosperms

Where are the male and female gametophytes located in angiosperms?

Male: in pollen grain

Female: in seed

Bryophytes Traits + example

Nonvascular + seedless ("outgroup"); mosses

Monilophyte Traits + example

Vascular + seedless; ferns

Angiosperm Traits + example

Vascular + SEEDS; flowers

Monocot vs Eudicot in Angiosperms

mono: one cotyledon, parallel veins on leaf, no main root, petals in multiples of 3, scattered vascular tissue

euni: 2 cotyledons, netlike veins, main root, petals in multiples of 4 or 5, vascular tissue in ring

Alternation of Generations

Life cycle of plants; alternate between a MULTICELLULAR haploid and diploid stage

Bryophytes

General Life Cycle

Which generation is dominant?

1. Mature sporophytes undergo MEIOSIS --> spores

2. Spores released + germinate --> male and female gametophytes

3. Male --> antheridia; Female --> archegonium (MITOSIS)

4. Sperm + egg fertilization --> zygote --> embryo --> young sporophyte

Gametophyte dominant

Monilophytes

General Life Cycle

Which generation is dominant?

1. Mature sporophytes undergo MEIOSIS --> spores

2. Spores germinate --> hermaphrodite (or male) gametophyte (MITOSIS)

3. antheridium structure --> sperm; archegonium structure --> egg

4. Fertilization --> zygote --> sporophyte

5. Mature sporophyte grows out of gametophyte

Sporophyte dominant

Angiosperms

General Life Cycle

Which generation is dominant?

How are pollen and seeds produced?

1. Mature microsporangia and megasprangie undergo MEIOSIS --> 2 types of spores

2. In anther, microspores --> male gametophyte/pollen grain; in ovary, megaspores --> female gametophyte (makes egg)

3. Pollination

4. Fertilization --> zygote --> fruit surrounded SEED

5. Seed dispersal

Sporophyte dominant

What are the structures? Do they belong to parent sporophyte, gametophyte, or offspring sporophyte generation?

A - Seed coat, parent sporophyte

B - Endosperm, gametophyte

C - Embryo, offspring sporophyte

Where are sporophyte and gametophyte locations in each plant type?

Bryophytes, Monilophytes, Angiosperms

What are the adaptations for living on land/arid environments of the monilophytes and angiosperms?

Bryophytes: non-vascular, gametophyte dominant, no seeds, flagellated sperm

Monilophytes: VASCULAR, SPOROPHYTE, no seeds, flagellated sperm

Angiosperms: vascular, sporophyte, SEEDS, NON FLAGELLATED