Urinary Disorders || Health Science 1 Honors

Renal capsule

tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney

Renal Hilum

indention where blood vessels and nevers enter and leave the kidney

Renal Pelvis

funnel-shaped structure that receives urine from the collecting duct for passage into the ureter

Renal pyramids

triangular structures in the renal medulla that contain nephrons and collect urine.

Renal Cortex

outer portion of the kidney

Renal Medulla

innermost part of the kidney

Renal artery

carries blood to the kidney

Renal vein

carries blood out of the kidney

Nephron

the functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

Proximal Convoluted Tube

reabsorbs ions, water, and nutrients

Loop of Henle

Concentrates salt, which enhances water absorption by the collecting duct

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Regulates extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis

Collecting Duct

Collects and concentrates urine from several nephrons

Glomerulus

filters small solutes form the blood

Bowman’s Capsule

double-walled epithelial sac located in the renal cortex that surrounds the glomerulus.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

• Infection that occurs anywhere along the urinary tract

• Commonly caused by bacteria entering through the urethra, catheretization, intercourse, improper cleansing

Lower UTI

• Urinary frequency

• Hematuria

• Pyuria

• Foul smell

Upper UTI

• Fever

• Chilla

• Flank Pain

• Nausea & Vomitting

Cystitis

• Inflammation of the urinary bladder

• Most common cause: E.coli

• DYSURIA and frequency

• Most common in females due to shorter urethra

• Treatment: antibiotics if caused by bacteria

Urethritis

• Inflammation of the urethra

• Causes: bacteria from STI, viruses, or chemicals

• DYSURIA, frequency, redness and itching of the urinary meatus

• Treatment: sitz baths or warm moist compresses, antibiotics if bacterial, and increased fluid intake

Enuresis

• Involuntary urination

• Can occur up to the age of 5 as part of normal childhood development

• Most children outgrow this on their own

Nocturnal Enuresis

• Involuntary bedwetting while asleep

• Occurs after child is potty trained

Secondary Enuresis

Caused by diabetes, urinary tract abnormalities (structure of the urinary tract), constipation, urinary tract infections, and psychological trauma

Glomerulonephritis

• Inflammation of the kidney

• May be acute or chronic

Acute Glomerulonephritis

• Develops suddenly

• May occur after strep throat or other types of infection

• Treatment: rest, medication, salt restriction

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

• Develops slowly over several years

• Often leads to complete kidney failure

• Treatment: low salt/protein diet, hemodialysis

Nephritis

• A general term for inflammation of the kidney

• It can cause permanent damage if not diagnosed and treated

• It can affect any part of the kidney

• Treatment depends on the cause

Incontinence

• Involuntary urination

• Inability to control release of urine

• Cause: alcohol and caffine intake, unavailability of bathrooms, extreme anxiety, paralysis, constipation, and prior pregnancy

• Treatment: avoid caffine, disposable underwear, bladder training, surgical repair

Renal Calculi

• Made of crystals of calcium phosphate or uric acid

• Gradually get larger until they block ureters

• Symptoms: pain, nausea/vomitting, frequent, chills, fever, hematuria, oliguria

• Causes: Inherited predisposition, low fluid intake, diet high in calcium

  • Treatment: increase fluids to flush out stone, medications, possible lithotripsy

Lithotripsy

Shock waves are used to bust up stones so they can be removed

Diabetes Mellitus

• Abnormall high blood glucose

• When sugar in the blood is too high, kidney works harder to remove it

• Produce much more urine because kidneys are trying to excrete the excess blood glucose

• Frequency and thirst

Diabetic Nephropathy

Prolonged high blood glucose levels can cause kidney damage.

Type one diabetes

Manages with insulin

Type 2 diabetes

May be managed with non-insulin medications, insulin, weight reduction, or dietary chnages

Renal failure

Occurs when your kidneys lose the ability to sufficiently filter waste from your blood

• Acute:

  • Decreased blood flow to kidneys

  • Loss of blood

  • Burns

  • CHF

• Chronic:

  • Progressive deterioration

Symptoms: Oliguria

Dialysis (Hemodialysis)

• Used of kidney failures

• Involves pasage of blood through devices with semipermeable membrane

• Blood from patient flows through machine and is filtered

• Can be done at home or in clinic

Urinalysis

• Test of urine that is used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders

• A visual dipstick and microscopic examination

• Doesn’t always provide a definite diagnosisbut helps identify abnormalities such as infections, kidney disease, or metabolic issues.

Anuria

Absence of urination

Retention

inability to empty bladder