essential vs non essential amino acids and Post-Translational Modifications

What are essential amino acids?

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from the diet.

What are non

essential amino acids?

Which amino acids are essential?

Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, and Valine.

Which amino acids are non

essential?

Histidine is what type of amino acid?

Essential amino acid.

Isoleucine is what type of amino acid?

Essential amino acid.

Leucine is what type of amino acid?

Essential amino acid.

Lysine is what type of amino acid?

Essential amino acid.

Methionine is what type of amino acid?

Essential amino acid.

Phenylalanine is what type of amino acid?

Essential amino acid.

Threonine is what type of amino acid?

Essential amino acid.

Tryptophan is what type of amino acid?

Essential amino acid.

Valine is what type of amino acid?

Essential amino acid.

Alanine is what type of amino acid?

Non

Asparagine is what type of amino acid?

Non

Aspartic Acid is what type of amino acid?

Non

Glutamic Acid is what type of amino acid?

Non

Serine is what type of amino acid?

Non

Arginine is what type of amino acid?

Non

Cysteine is what type of amino acid?

Non

Glutamine is what type of amino acid?

Non

Glycine is what type of amino acid?

Non

Proline is what type of amino acid?

Non

Tyrosine is what type of amino acid?

Non

Can the human body synthesize essential amino acids?

No, they must be obtained from the diet.

Can the human body synthesize non

essential amino acids?

What are post

translational modifications?

Why are post

translational modifications important?

What is phosphorylation?

The addition of a phosphate group to a protein.

Which amino acids are commonly phosphorylated?

Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine.

What is the primary function of phosphorylation?

It plays a critical role in signaling pathways.

Phosphorylation most commonly occurs on which amino acids?

Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine.

What post

translational modification is important in cell signaling?

What is glycosylation?

The attachment of carbohydrate groups to a protein.

What effects does glycosylation have on proteins?

Protein folding, stability, and cell recognition.

Which post

translational modification affects protein folding, stability, and cell recognition?

What is acetylation?

A post

What is methylation?

A post

Which amino acid residue is commonly acetylated?

Lysine.

Which amino acid residue is commonly methylated?

Lysine.

What effects do acetylation and methylation have?

They influence gene expression and protein function.

Acetylation and methylation most commonly occur on which amino acid?

Lysine.

What is ubiquitination?

The attachment of ubiquitin to a protein.

Which amino acid residue is commonly ubiquitinated?

Lysine.

What is the purpose of ubiquitination?

To tag proteins for degradation.

What post

translational modification marks proteins for degradation?

Ubiquitination most commonly occurs on which amino acid?

Lysine.

Which post

translational modification involves phosphate addition?

Which post

translational modification involves carbohydrate attachment?

Which post

translational modifications commonly occur on lysine residues?

A protein is tagged for degradation. Which post

translational modification is responsible?

A protein involved in signaling has a phosphate group added. What modification occurred?

Phosphorylation.

A protein gains a carbohydrate chain that improves cell recognition. What modification occurred?

Glycosylation.

A modification alters gene expression by changing a lysine residue. Which modifications are likely involved?

Acetylation or Methylation.

Which amino acids are the major targets of phosphorylation?

Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine.

Which amino acid is the major target of acetylation?

Lysine.

Which amino acid is the major target of methylation?

Lysine.

Which amino acid is the major target of ubiquitination?

Lysine.

What amino acids can be phosphorylated?

Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine (STY).

How can you remember the phosphorylated amino acids?

STY = Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine.

What amino acid is associated with acetylation, methylation, and ubiquitination?

Lysine.

How can you remember the major lysine modifications?

Lysine gets Acetylated, Methylated, and Ubiquitinated (AMU).