NEURO CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS AND CONDENSED NOTES

A receptor that is especially common in the superficial layers of the skin and that responds to pain is a

1. proprioceptor.

2. baroreceptor.

3. nociceptor.

4. mechanoreceptor.

1. nociceptor.

Fine touch and pressure receptors provide detailed information about

1. the source of the stimulus.

2. the shape of the stimulus.

3. the texture of the stimulus.

4. all of the above.

1. all of the above.

Receptors in the saccule and utricle provide sensations of

1. balance and equilibrium.

2. hearing.

3. vibration.

4. gravity and linear acceleration.

1. balance and equilibrium.

Deep to the subcutaneous layer, the eyelids are supported by broad sheets of connective tissues, collectively termed the

1. eyelids.

2. tarsal plate.

3. chalazion.

4. medial angle.

1. Tarsal plate.

The inner layer

1. consists of three distinct layers.

2. contains the photoreceptors.

3. forms the iris.

4. all of the above.

1. contains the photoreceptors.

The semicircular canals include which of the following?

1. dorsal and ventral

2. lateral, middle, and medial

3. anterior, posterior, and lateral

4. spiral, upright, and reverse

1. anterior, posterior, and lateral

Mechanoreceptors that detect pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels as well as in portions of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts are

1. tactile receptors.

2. baroreceptors.

3. proprioceptors.

4. free nerve receptors.

1. baroreceptors.

Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary              , and sympathetic activation causes              .

1. dilation; constriction

2. dilation; dilation

3. constriction; dilation

4. constriction; constriction

1. constriction; dilation

Auditory information about the frequency and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear nerve, a division of cranial nerve

1. IV.

2. VI.

3. VIII.

4. X.

1. VIII.

Why is a more severe burn less painful initially than a less serious burn of the skin?

1. The skin’s nociceptors are burned away and cannot transmit pain sensations to the CNS.

2. A severe burn overwhelms the nociceptors, and they adapt rapidly so no more pain is felt.

3. A mild skin burn registers pain from pain receptors and many other types simultaneously.

4. A severe burn is out of the range of sensitivity of most pain receptors.

1. The skin’s nociceptors are burned away and cannot transmit pain sensations to the CNS.

How do the tensor tympani and stapedius affect the functions of the ear?

1. They do not affect hearing, but play an important role in equilibrium.

2. They increase the cochlea’s sensitivity to vibration produced by incoming sound waves.

3. They regulate the opening and closing of the auditory tube.

4. They dampen excessively loud sounds that could harm sensitive auditory hair cells.

1. They dampen excessively loud sounds that could harm sensitive auditory hair cells.

afferent division;

• positive feedback

• connects initial segment to cell body

• sensory information

• monitor position/movement of joints

• myelin

• one dendrite

• neuron cell bodies in PNS

• blood brain barrier (BBB)

• side branches of axons

• skeletal muscle cells

• sensory information

effector:

• positive feedback

• connects initial segment to cell body

• sensory information

• monitor position/movement of joints

• myelin

• one dendrite

• neuron cell bodies in PNS

• blood brain barrier (BBB)

• side branches of axons

• skeletal muscle cells

• skeletal muscle cells

astrocyte     

• positive feedback

• connects initial segment to cell body

• sensory information

• monitor position/movement of joints

• myelin

• one dendrite

• neuron cell bodies in PNS

• blood brain barrier (BBB)

• side branches of axons

• skeletal muscle cells

• blood brain barrier (BBB)

oligodendrocyte:

• positive feedback

• connects initial segment to cell body

• sensory information

• monitor position/movement of joints

• myelin

• one dendrite

• neuron cell bodies in PNS

• blood brain barrier (BBB)

• side branches of axons

• skeletal muscle cells

MYELIN

axon hillock:

• positive feedback

• connects initial segment to cell body

• sensory information

• monitor position/movement of joints

• myelin

• one dendrite

• neuron cell bodies in PNS

• blood brain barrier (BBB)

• side branches of axons

• skeletal muscle cells     

• connects initial segment to cell body

collaterals   

• positive feedback

• connects initial segment to cell body

• sensory information

• monitor position/movement of joints

• myelin

• one dendrite

• neuron cell bodies in PNS

• blood brain barrier (BBB)

• side branches of axons

• skeletal muscle cells

• side branches of axons

bipolar neurons  '

• positive feedback

• connects initial segment to cell body

• sensory information

• monitor position/movement of joints

• myelin

• one dendrite

• neuron cell bodies in PNS

• blood brain barrier (BBB)

• side branches of axons

• skeletal muscle cells

• one dendrite

proprioceptors

• positive feedback

• connects initial segment to cell body

• sensory information

• monitor position/movement of joints

• myelin

• one dendrite

• neuron cell bodies in PNS

• blood brain barrier (BBB)

• side branches of axons

• skeletal muscle cells

• monitor position/movement of joints

reverberation

• positive feedback

• connects initial segment to cell body

• sensory information

• monitor position/movement of joints

• myelin

• one dendrite

• neuron cell bodies in PNS

• blood brain barrier (BBB)

• side branches of axons

• skeletal muscle cells

• positive feedback

ganglia  

• positive feedback

• connects initial segment to cell body

• sensory information

• monitor position/movement of joints

• myelin

• one dendrite

• neuron cell bodies in PNS

• blood brain barrier (BBB)

• side branches of axons

• skeletal muscle cells

• neuron cell bodies in PNS

Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

1. support

2. information processing

3. secretion of cerebrospinal fluid

4. phagocytosis

1. Information processing

Neuroglia found surrounding the cell bodies of peripheral neurons are

1. astrocytes.

2. ependymal cells.

3. microglia.

4. satellite cells.

1. satellite cells.

The most important function of the cell body of a neuron is to

1. allow communication with another neuron.

2. support the neuroglia.

3. generate an electrical charge.

4. house organelles that produce energy and synthesize organic molecules.

1. house organelles that produce energy and synthesize organic molecules.

Patterns of interactions between neurons include which of the following?

1. divergence

2. parallel processing

3. reverberation

4. all of the above

1. all of the above

Which neuronal tissue cell type is likely to be malfunctioning if the blood brain barrier (BBB) is no longer adequately protecting the brain?

1. ependymal cells

2. astrocytes

3. oligodendrocytes

4. microglia

1. astrocytes

Developmental problems in the growth and interconnections of neurons in the brain reflect problems with the

1. afferent neurons.

2. microglia.

3. astrocytes.

4. efferent neurons.

1. astrocytes.

Match each numbered item with the most closely related lettered item.

1. ventral root               

2. epidural space               

3. white matter               

4. fascicle               

5. dermatome.               

6. phrenic nerve               

7. brachial plexus               

8. obturator nerve               

9. reflex               

pudendal nerve             

A. tracts and columns

B. specific region of body surface

C. cervical plexus

d. motor neuron axons

e. sacral plexus

F. lumbar plexu

g. single bundle of axons

H.involuntary motor response

I.loose connective tissue, adipose tissue

J.pectoral girdle/upper extremity

1.D

2.I

3.A

4.G

5.B

6.C

7.J

8.F

9.H

10.E

Sensory and motor innervations of the skin of the lateral and anterior surfaces of the body are provided by the

1. white rami communicantes.

2. gray rami communicantes.

3. dorsal ramus.

4. ventral ramus.

1. dorsal ramus.

The brachial plexus

1. innervates the shoulder girdle and the upper extremity.

2. is formed from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C₅–T₅.

3. is the source of the musculocutaneous, radial, median, and ulnar nerves.

4. all of the above

1. all of the above

The middle layer of connective tissue that surrounds each peripheral nerve is the

1. epineurium.

2. perineurium.

3. endoneurium.

4. endomysium.

1. perineurium.

The expanded area of the spinal cord that supplies nerves to the pectoral girdle and upper limbs is the

1. conus medullaris.

2. filum terminale.

3. lumbosacral enlargement.

4. cervical enlargement.

1. cervical enlargement.

Spinal nerves are called mixed nerves because

1. they contain sensory and motor fibers.

2. they exit at intervertebral foramina.

3. they are associated with a pair of dorsal root ganglia.

4. they are associated with dorsal and ventral roots.

1. they contain sensory and motor fibers.

The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by

1. myelinated axons only.

2. cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia.

3. unmyelinated axons only.

4. Schwann cells and satellite cells.

1. cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia.

The              is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament.

1. conus medullaris

2. filum terminale

3. cauda equina

4. dorsal root

1. filum terminale

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the

1. anterior horns.

2. white commissures.

3. gray commissures.

4. lateral horns.

1. gray commissures.

The paired structures that contain cell bodies of sensory neurons and are associated with each segment of the spinal cord are the

1. dorsal rami.

2. ventral rami.

3. dorsal root ganglia.

4. ventral root ganglia.

1. dorsal root ganglia.

The deep crease on the anterior surface of the spinal cord is the

1. posterior median sulcus.

2. posterior median fissure.

3. anterior median sulcus.

4. anterior median fissure.

Anterior median fissure.

In contrast with those of the brain, responses of the spinal reflexes

1. are fine-tuned.

2. are immediate.

3. require many processing steps.

4. are stereotyped.

1. are immediate.

The primary link between the nervous and the endocrine systems is the

1. hypothalamus.

2. pons.

3. mesencephalon.

4. medulla oblongata.

1. hypothalamus.

Cranial blood vessels pass through the space directly deep to the

1. dura mater.

2. pia mater.

3. arachnoid granulations.

4. arachnoid mater.

1. arachnoid mater.

The only cranial nerves that are attached to the cerebrum are the

1. optic.

2. oculomotor.

3. trochlear.

4. olfactory.

1. olfactory.

The anterior nuclei of the thalamus

1. are part of the limbic system.

2. are connected to the pituitary gland.

3. produce the hormone melatonin.

4. receive impulses from the optic nerve.

1. are part of the limbic system

The cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the

1. parietal lobe.

2. temporal lobe.

3. frontal lobe.

4. occipital lobe.

1. temporal lobe.

Lying within each hemisphere inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricles is/are the

1. anterior commissures.

2. motor association areas.

3. auditory cortex.

4. basal nuclei.

1. basal nuclei.

Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the

1. tegmenta.

2. corpora quadrigemina.

3. cerebral peduncles.

4. superior colliculi.

1. cerebral peduncles.

Efferent tracts from the hypothalamus

1. control involuntary motor activities.

2. control autonomic function.

3. coordinate activities of the nervous and endocrine systems.

4. do all of the above.

1. do all of the above.

1. The diencephalic components of the limbic system include the

   1. limbic lobe and hippocampus.

   2. fornix.

   3. amygdaloid body and parahippocampal gyrus.

   4. thalamus and hypothalamus.

1. thalamus and hypothalamus.

Swelling of the jugular vein as it leaves the skull could compress which of the following cranial nerves?

1. N I, N IV, and N V

2. N IX, N X, and N XI

3. N II, N IV, and N VI

4. N VIII, N IX, and N XII

1. N IX, N X, and N XI

Match each numbered item with the most closely related lettered item.

1. decussation               

2. sensory               

3. interneuron               

4. posterior column               

5. spinothalamic               

6. spinocerebellar               

7. corticospinal system               

8. tectospinal tracts               

9. rubrospinal tract               

A. second-order

B. pain, temperature, crude touch, pressure

C. voluntary control skeletal muscle

D. subconscious control of distal limb musculature

E. afferent

F.information about “what,” “where,” and “when”

G. unconscious proprioception

H. crossover

I. position change—noise-related

1. h

2. e

3. a

4. f

5. b

6. g

7. c

8. I

9. d

Axons ascend the posterior column to reach the

1. gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus.

2. ventral nucleus of the thalamus.

3. posterior lobe of the cerebellum.

4. medial nucleus of the thalamus.

1. gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus.

Which of the following is true of the spinothalamic tract?

1. Its neurons synapse in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.

2. It carries sensations of touch, pressure, and temperature from the brain to the periphery.

3. It transmits sensory information to the brain, where decussation occurs in the thalamus.

4. None of the above is correct.

1. Its neurons synapse in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.

Which of the following are spinal tracts within the subconscious motor pathways?

1. vestibulospinal tracts

2. tectospinal tracts

3. medial reticulospinal tracts

4. all of the above

1. all of the above

Axons of the corticospinal tract synapse at

1. motor nuclei of cranial nerves.

2. motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord.

3. motor neurons in the posterior horns of the spinal cord.

4. motor neurons in ganglia near the spinal cord.

1. motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord.

1. preganglionic               

2.thoracolumbar               

3. parasympathetic               

4. prevertebral               

5. paravertebral               

6. acetylcholine               

7. epinephrine               

8. sympathetic               

9. splanchnic               

10. crisis                          

A. all preganglionic fibers

B. preganglionic fibers to collateral ganglia

C. first neuron

D. collateral ganglia

E.adrenal medulla

F.sympathetic activation

G. sympathetic division

H. terminal ganglia

I. sympathetic chain ganglia

J. long postganglionic fiber

1. c

2. g

3. j

4. d

5. I

6. A

7. e

8. j

9. b

10. f

Visceral motor neurons in the CNS

1. are ganglionic neurons.

2. are in the dorsal root ganglion.

3. have unmyelinated axons except in the lower thoracic region.

4. send axons to synapse on peripherally located ganglionic neurons.

1. send axons to synapse on peripherally located ganglionic neurons.

Splanchnic nerves

1. are formed by parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

2. include preganglionic fibers that go to collateral ganglia.

3. control sympathetic function of structures in the head.

4. connect one chain ganglion with another.

1. include preganglionic fibers that go to collateral ganglia.

Which of the following ganglia belong to the sympathetic division of the ANS?

1. otic ganglion

2. sphenopalatine ganglion

3. sympathetic chain ganglia

4. all of the above

1. sympathetic chain ganglia

Preganglionic fibers of the ANS sympathetic division originate in the

1. cerebral cortex of the brain.

2. medulla oblongata.

3. brainstem and sacral spinal cord.

4. thoracic and lumbar spinal segments.

thoracic and lumbar spinal segments.

The large cells in the adrenal medulla, which resemble neurons in sympathetic ganglia,

1. are located in the adrenal cortex.

2. release acetylcholine into blood capillaries.

3. release epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood capillaries.

4. have no endocrine functions.

release epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood capillaries.

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are characterized as being

1. short in length and unmyelinated.

2. short in length and myelinated.

3. long in length and myelinated.

4. long in length and unmyelinated.

1. short in length and myelinated.

All preganglionic autonomic fibers release            at their axon terminals, and the effects are always           .

1. norepinephrine; inhibitory

2. norepinephrine; excitatory

3. acetylcholine; excitatory

4. acetylcholine; inhibitory

1. acetylcholine; excitatory

Postganglionic fibers of autonomic neurons are usually

1. myelinated.

2. unmyelinated.

3. larger than preganglionic fibers.

4. located in the spinal cord.

1. unmyelinated.

The white ramus communicans

1. carries the postganglionic fibers to the effector organs.

2. arises from the dorsal root of the spinal nerves.

3. has fibers that do not diverge.

4. carries the preganglionic fibers into a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion.

1. carries the preganglionic fibers into a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion.

Cutting the ventral root of the spinal nerve L2 at would interrupt the transmission of what type of information?

1. voluntary motor output

2. ANS motor output

3. sensory input

4. a and b

1. sensory input

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to

1. dilate the right pupil.

2. dilate the left pupil.

3. contract the right biceps brachii.

4. contract the left biceps brachii.

1. dilate the right pupil.

What anatomical mechanism is involved in causing a person to blush?

1. Blood flow to the skin is increased by parasympathetic stimulation.

2. Sympathetic stimulation relaxes vessel walls, increasing blood flow to the skin.

3. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases skin muscle tone, allowing blood to pool at the surface.

4. Sympathetic stimulation increases respiratory oxygen uptake, making the blood brighter red.

1. Sympathetic stimulation relaxes vessel walls, increasing blood flow to the skin.

respiratory activties are controlled by:

A.The thalamus

B. centers in the pons

C.the medulla oblangata

D. the hypothalamus

E. B and C

E. B and C

conscious thought processes and all intellectual functions originate in the:

A.cerebellum

B.cerebral hemispheres

C.Limbic system

D.Temporal lobe

E.pons

cerebral hemispheres

A highly specialized region of the sympathetic division that causes widespread sympathetic activation is found in the:

A. Adrenal cortex

B.Liver

C.Adrenal medulla

D.Brain

E. A and C

Adrenal medulla

typical sympathetic postganglionic fibers that release norepinephrine at neuroeffector junctions are classified as:

A. adernergic

B.Cholinergic

C. norepinephric

D. nonsecretory

E. Neuroendocrine

adernergic

The autonomic division of the nervous system directs:

A. Conscious control of skeletal muscles

B.Processes that maintain homeostasis

C. behavior

D. Emotions

E. B and C

Processes that maintain homeostasis

The sympathetic division of the ANS differs from the parasympathetic division of the ANS in parasympathetic system.

A. the sympathetic system has relatively longer preganglionic fibers than does the parasympathetic

B. the the sympathetic system promotes rest, relaxation, repose, and nutrient uptake, while the parasympathetic system increases alertness and metabolism.

C. the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system are relatively longer than those of the parasympathetic system.

D. the sympathetic system is more divergent than is the parasympathetic system.

Cand D

C and D

Cranial nerves that have ANS fibers are:

a. VII, XI, XII.

B. III, VII, IX, X.

C. IV, V, VI, VII.

D. I, II, III.

E. VII, XI, XII.

B

which of the following is not a branch of the facial nerve

A.buccal

B.temporal

c.zygomatic

D.cervical

E.ophthalmic

E

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains:

A.axons of motor neurons

B.axons of sensory neurons

C.dorsal root ganglia

D.cell bodies of motor neurons

E.interneuroms

A

only cones are found in the

A.lamina densa

B.optic disc

C.fovea

D.choroid layer

E.cilliary body

C

The major somatosensory pathways include the:

A.posterior column pathway.

B.corticocerebral pathway.

C. spinocerebellar pathway.

D.A and C

E.All of the above.

D

The parasympathetic division of the ANS generally does all of the following except:

a. functions as the "rest and repose" division.

B conserves energy.

iC. increases respiratory activities.

D. promotes sedentary activities.

None of the above. (There are no exceptions.)

c

Which of the following is/(are) a special sensory receptor(s)? an

A.Thermorecpetor

B auditory receptor

C. chemoreceptor

D.mechanoreceptor

1. A, C, and D

B

major function of the inferior colliculi includes reflexes involved,

A. the taste buds.

B. the nose.

C.the eyes.

e. None of the above.

C

To contact an oligodendrocyte, where would a microprobe have t system?

A. Along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not

B. Near or at a neuron cell body in the PNS

C. In the CNS only

d.In the adrenal medullae

e. B and C

C

Cranial nerve IX exits through which foramen?

A. foramen ovale

B .foramen spinosum

C,foramen magnum

D. jugular foramen.

E. foramen rotundum.

D

Which cranial nerve(s) exit(s) through the superior orbital fissure?

It’s three. four five and v1

Which of the following structures are found in the membranous labyrinth?

vestibule and cochlea

utricle and saccule

semicircular canals

A and C

Band C

B

which of the following is part of the vascular tunic:

A.sclera

B.corneal limbus

c. retina

d.optic nerve

E.ciliary body

E

which statements is are true:

fast adapting receptors are phasic

slow adapting receptors are phasic

fast adapting receptors are tonic

a and b

b and c

A