AP World- Chapter 2 (Varieties of Civilizations: Eurasia and the Americas 1200-1450)

what year did the song dynasty begin and what year did it collapse?

960-1279

What was the song dynasty called?

The golden Age

why was the song dynasty called the golden age?

their amazing arts and literature, setting standards of excellence in poetry, landscape painting, and ceramics, even as its scholars debated new forms of Confucian philosophy.

Censorate

an agency that exercised surveillance over the rest of the government, checking on the character and competence of public officials (during song dynasty)

Who estalished an examination system to staff the beuaraccracy?

Han Dynasty

What did the song dynasty do to make the Han's examination system more advance

printed books

what made the song dynasty by far the richest, most skilled, and most populous country on earth?

china's economic revolution

china's econimc revolution

A major rise in prosperity that took place in China under the Song dynasty (960-1279), which was marked by rapid population growth, urbanization, economic specialization, the development of an immense network of internal waterways, and a great increase in industrial production and technological innovation.

what was the most obvious sign of china's prosperity?

population growth: 50 mill-120 mill

what agricuktural skill did the song adopt from the Vietnamese?

fast-ripening and drought-resistant strain of rice, known as Champa rice.

Song Dynasty capital

Hangzhou

Hangzhou

China's capital during the Song dynasty, with a population at its height of more than a million people.

What advance did the song's amazing metallurgy make in society?

it was providing the government with 32,000 suits of armor and 16 million iron arrowheads annually, in addition to supplying metal for coins, tools, construction, and bells in Buddhist monasteries.

what was the industriral growth in the song mainly caused by?

coal

list inventions in printing during song

woodblock
movable type
printed books

what was one of the song's biggest inventions?

gunpowder

what waterways were created linking the Yellow River in the north to the Yangzi River in the south during the song?

canals

what does the song govt demand about taxes?

for taxes paid in cash rather than in kind required peasants to sell something

SIma Guang

Song historian (1019-1096 CE) who emphasized the superiority of men over women.

how was masculitnity defined as in the song?

pursuits of calligraphy, scholarship, painting, and poetry

how was feminism defined as in song?

weakness, reticence, and delicacy

what tasks did men take from women in song?

weaving textiles, especially silk, which had previously been the work of rural women in their homes

Footbinding

The Chinese practice of tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, prevalent in the Song dynasty and later; an emphasis on small size and delicacy was central to views of female beauty.

what were some positive trends for women during song?

Their property rights expanded, could get good education,

korean dynasties

Unified Silla (688-900), Koryo (918-1392), and Joseon (1392-1910)

relationship between Korea and China

products of value produced in Korea — and performing rituals of submission. In return Chinese emperors gave their Korean visitors gifts or "bestowals" to take back to Korea, reaffirmed peaceful relations, and allowed both official and personal trade to take place between the two states

how did chinese culture have a pervasive influence on Korean political and cultural life

efforts to plant Confucian values and Chinese culture in Korea had what one scholar has called an "overwhelmingly negative" impact on Korean women, particularly after 1300.9 Early Chinese observers noticed, and strongly disapproved of, free choice marriages in Korea, as well as the practice of women singing and dancing together late at night

what are some Korean customs?

women giving birth and raising their young children in their parents' home, funeral rites in which a husband was buried in the sacred plot of his wife's family, the remarriage of widowed or divorced women, and female inheritance of property — eroded under the pressure of Confucian orthodoxy

did Korea use the examination system used in China?

though encouraged by some Korean rulers, never assumed the prominence that it gained in Song dynasty China.

what did Korea do in mid-1400?

moved toward greater cultural independence by developing a phonetic alphabet, known as hangul, for writing the Korean language

Hangul

A phonetic alphabet developed in Korea in the fifteenth century in a move toward greater cultural independence from China.

what are some things Vietnam adopted from china?

Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, administrative techniques, the examination system, and artistic and literary styles

did vietname achieve politcal independance like korea?

yes, while participating fully in the tribute system as a vassal state.

what is something that Vietnam did that korea did not?

the cultural heartland of Vietnam in the Red River valley was fully incorporated into the Chinese state for more than a thousand years (111 B.C.E.-939 C.E.). Even in 1200, centuries after securing their independence, Vietnamese rulers carefully maintained Vietnam's tributary role, sending repeated missions to do homage at the Chinese court.

what are some governmental things that Vietnam adopted from China?

rulers as emperors, claiming the Mandate of Heaven, and making use of Chinese court rituals

how did they staff the burreaucracy in vietnam?

a merit-based scholar-gentry class

what are some things that remained uniquely vietnamese?

distinctive language, a fondness for cockfighting, and the habit of chewing betel nut, retained a greater role for women in social and economic life

what continued to be part of the vietnamese religion?

Female nature deities and a "female Buddha"

what did vietnam allow women to do?

women could choose their own husbands and married men could live in the households of their wives

chu nom

A variation of Chinese writing developed in Vietnam that became the basis for an independent national literature; "southern script."

what (geographyically) was different from Japan and vietnam/korea?

Japan was physically seperated from china by 100 mls

How did Japan begin to emerge?

dozens of small clan-based aristocratic chiefdoms

what was japan inspired by china to do with their government?

to transform Japan into a centralized bureaucratic state on the Chinese model

what relgion did the japanese practice and what did they create based on the religion?

Buddhism: Various schools of Chinese Buddhism took root, deeply affected Japanese art, architecture, education, medicine, views of the afterlife, and attitudes toward suffering and the impermanence of life

was Japan's govt centralized or decentralized?

decetralized

Samurai

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

Bushido

The "way of the warrior," referring to the martial values of the Japanese samurai, including bravery, loyalty, and an emphasis on death over surrender.

what was japan mainly focused on?

intellicutal achievements and political-office holding

what did Buddhism never completely replace in Japan?

native practices who focused attention on "kami", sacred spirits associated with human ancestors and various natural phenomena

Shinto

"Way of the Kami"; Japanese worship of nature spirits

Did kami conflict with Buddhism?

no, b/c kami lacked an elaborate philosophy/ritual, however kami was sometimes incoorporated into Buddhism

In writing, what did Korea and Vietnam invent?

a unique writing system that combined Chinese characters with a series of phonetic symbols.A highly refined aesthetic culture found expression at the imperial court, even as the court's real political authority melted away. Court aristocrats and their ladies lived in splendor, composed poems, arranged flowers, and conducted their love affairs.

The Tale of Genji

a Japanese novel written by the woman author Murasaki Shikibu around 1000, provides an intimate picture of the intrigues and romances of court life.

what opression did women in Japan escape due to no confucianism?

the prohibition of remarriage for widows and seclusion within the home. Japanese women continued to inherit property; Japanese married couples often lived apart or with the wife's family; and marriages were made and broken easily.

When did Muhammad die?

632 CE

What did Afro-Eurasia consist of?

Spain and Morocco in the west to northern India in the east, with its heartland in the Middle East and Egypt.

where did a second major conquest occur in the islamic world?

India, Anatolia, and a little later the Balkans, this time spearheaded by Turkic-speaking groups who had recently converted to the Muslim faith

where did cultural encounters with HIndu and Christian civs occur?

the frontiers of this Islamic heartland in India and Spain

Abbasid Caliphate

n Arab dynasty of caliphs (successors to the Prophet) who governed much of the Islamic world from its capital in Baghdad beginning in 750 C.E. After 900 C.E. that empire increasingly fragmented until its overthrow by the Mongols in 1258.

what was A major turning point in both the political and cultural history of the Islamic Middle East?

the arrival starting around 1000 of Turkic-speaking pastoralists from the steppes of Central Asia into the fragmenting political landscape of the Abbasid Empire. At first, they served as slave soldiers within the Abbasid caliphate, and then, as the caliphate declined, they increasingly took political and military power themselves

Selijuk Turkic Empire

An empire of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, centered in Persia and present-day Iraq. Seljuk rulers adopted the Muslim title of sultan (ruler) as part of their conversion to Islam.

what did rulers of the Islam World begin to title themselves?

sultans

what were turkish leaders called?

Kaghans

what happened in the islamic heartland between 1200-1258

fractured politically into a series of "sultanates," many ruled by Persian or Turkish military dynasties. In the thirteenth century, the Mongols, another pastoral people, invaded the region, put an official end to the Abbasid caliphate in 1258, and ruled much of Persia for a time

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, parts of the Middle East, and much of North Africa; lasted in one form or another from the fourteenth to the early twentieth century.

what did the ottaman empire aquire in mid 1500s?

a substantial Christian population and a capital city in Constantinople

In 15th cent what were only other dynasties in the world that matched wealth and success of Ottaman?

MIng Dynasty and Incas

WHat did ottoman sultans sought to do?

to bring a renewed unity to the Islamic world, while also serving as protector of the faith, the "strong sword of Islam."

Safavid Empire

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

what did the ottomans overall bring to the middle east?

a greater measure of political coherence, military power, economic prosperity, and cultural brilliance than it had known since the early centuries of Islam.

what did the turkic speaking worrior groups do in about 1000?

smashed hindu and buddhist temples and stole indian treasure

Sultante of Delhi

Major Turkic Muslim state established in northern India in 1206

what people did the eghaliration aspects of isalm attract?

disillusioned Buddhists, low-caste Hindus, and untouchables (people considered beneath even the lowest caste), along with those just beginning to make the transition to settled agriculture

how did people benefit by coverting to muslim?

avoiding the tax imposed on non-Muslims

What were Muslim holy men called?

sufis

who did India always value?

"god-filled men" who were detached from worldly affairs.

did the muslim religion completely take over India?

no, only 20-25% of population

where in India was Hinduism most practiced?

Vijayanagar empire (1336-1646

Vijayanagar empire (1336-1646

controlled nearly all of southern India from a thriving capital city of perhaps half a million people, described by one sixteenth-century European visitor as "the best provided city in the world

what was one reason that the Vijayanagar empire was formed?

to resist Muslim incursions from the north

what was the Vijayanagar empire a site for for Muslim people?

there were peaceful Hindu-Muslim encounters. Muslim merchants were a prominent presence in many trading ports

in india, what religion predominated in the north

hinduism, and neither hinduism nor Islam dominated in the south

Andalus

Arabic name for Spain, most of which was conquered by Arab and Berber forces between 711 and 718 C.E. Muslim Spain represented a point of encounter between the Islamic world and Christian Europe.

How did Muslims, Christians, and Jews mix in Andalus?

they mixed more freely than in India

what economy was most prosperous in Europe during the 900s?

muslim spain

In spain in the year 1000, what religion had most people coverted to?

islam

after most of spain was muslim, what did the remaining christians do?

learned Arabic, veiled their women, stopped eating pork, appreciated Arabic music and poetry, and sometimes married Muslims

what did the muslim ruler of spain " Abd al Rahman" do during his reign?

declared freedom of worship, as well as the opportunity for all to rise in the bureaucracy of the state.

what began to occur in the late 10th cent in muslim spain?

toleration began to erode. The Córdoba-based regime fragmented into numerous rival states. Warfare with the remaining Christian kingdoms in northern Spain picked up in the tenth and eleventh centuries, and more puritanical and rigid forms of Islam entered Spain from North Africa.

Al-Mansur

The second Abbasid caliph

what did Al-Mansur do?

persecuted christians in muslim spain and took their treasures

How did Al-Mansur's rule affect society and daily life for christians?

Devout Muslims now avoided contact with Christians;

Christian homes had to be built lower than those of Muslims;

priests were forbidden to carry a cross or a Bible,
lest they offend Muslim sensibilities;

and Arabized Christians were permitted to live only in particular places.

When did the end of cruelty to Christians come?

1492 when ferdinand and isabella (catholic monarchs) came to power

What did Ferdiand and Isabella first do when they came to power in spain?

they first took Granada, the last muslim stronghold on the iberian peninsula.

what did ferdinand and isabella do to muslims?

they made them chose between exile or conversion

what did muslims in spain do to avoid either persecution or conversion?

emigrate, often to North Africa or the Ottoman Empire

what other religion, besides islam, had to either convert or be persecuted in Catholic Spain?

Jewish

What was the chief significance in Muslim spain?

its role in making the rich heritage of Islamic learning available to Christian Europe

byzantine empire

The surviving eastern Roman Empire and one of the centers of Christendom during the medieval centuries. The Byzantine Empire was founded at the end of the third century, when the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves, and survived until its conquest by Muslim forces in 1453.

where did the byzantine empire mainly encompass?

Roman Empire, including Egypt, Greece, Syria, and Anatolia